The symposium titled "Academic Freedom – Between Ideal and Reality" addresses the nuanced challenges surrounding academic freedom. Exploring historical perspectives, this introduction to a thematic section of the journal Thule traces the evolution from pre-modern corporative rights to modern intellectual autonomy. The text delves into the tentions between academic ideals and external influences during societal shifts. Reference is made to the Magna Charta Universitatum, highlighting its adaption to a changing global landscape. Initiatives in Sweden are discussed, recognizing the imperative of safeguarding academic freedom amidst evolving dynamics and political uncertainties.