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Perioperative patient safety indicators: a Delphi study
Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Nursing. Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Anaesthesiology.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-2057-4410
Department of Health Sciences, Swedish Red Cross University, Huddinge, Sweden; Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Division of Nursing Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-4570-4047
Department of Clinical Research and Education, Södersjukhuset Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-9170-581X
Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Orthopaedics.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-9966-1903
Show others and affiliations
2025 (English)In: Journal of Clinical Nursing, ISSN 0962-1067, E-ISSN 1365-2702, Vol. 34, no 4, p. 1351-1363Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Aim: To identify, define and achieve consensus on perioperative patient safety indicators within a Swedish context.

Design: A modified Delphi method.

Methods: A purposeful sample of 22 experts, all experienced operating room nurse specialists, was recruited for this study. A questionnaire was constructed incorporating statements derived from a preceding study. The experts were asked to rate the importance of each statement concerning patient safety during the perioperative phase. The data collection occurred through an online survey platform between November 2022 and April 2023. The CREDES checklist guided the reporting of this study.

Results: The three-round Delphi study resulted in consensus on 73 statements out of 103, encompassing 74% process indicators and 26% structure indicators. Key areas of consensus included the use of the Surgical Safety Checklist and optimizing the operating room environment.

Conclusion: Consensus was reached on perioperative safety indicators, underscoring the intricate challenges involved in ensuring patient safety in the operating room. It emphasizes the important integration of both structure and process indicators for comprehensive safety assessment during surgical procedures. Recognizing the difficulty in measuring factors like teamwork and communication, essential for patient safety, the study offers practical guidance. It underlines a balanced approach and specific consensus areas applicable in clinical practice to enhance perioperative patient safety.

Implications for the profession and patient care:This study provides concrete practice guidance and establishes a structured framework for evaluating perioperative care processes. It emphasizes the critical role of professionals having the necessary skills and being present during surgical procedures. Additionally, the study underscores the paramount importance of effective communication and teamwork within the operating room team, substantively contributing to overall patient safety enhancement.

Impact: The study focused on addressing the challenge of ensuring patient safety in operating rooms, acknowledging the persistent complications related to surgery despite global efforts to eliminate avoidable harm in healthcare. Consensus was reached on 73 crucial indicators for perioperative patient safety, emphasizing a balanced approach integrating both process and structure indicators for a comprehensive assessment of safety during surgical procedures. The study has a broad impact on professionals and healthcare systems, providing concrete guidance for practice and offering a structured process for evaluating perioperative care.

Reporting Method: The study is reported informed by 'Guidance on Conducting and REporting DElphi Studies (CREDES) in palliative care: Recommendations derived from a methodological systematic review'.

Patient or Public Contribution: No patient or public contribution.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
John Wiley & Sons, 2025. Vol. 34, no 4, p. 1351-1363
Keywords [en]
Delphi study, operating room, patient safety, perioperative care, process register, safety indicators
National Category
Nursing
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-225089DOI: 10.1111/jocn.17212ISI: 001224563000001PubMedID: 38757741Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-105001078440OAI: oai:DiVA.org:umu-225089DiVA, id: diva2:1861150
Funder
The Kempe FoundationsUmeå UniversityAvailable from: 2024-05-27 Created: 2024-05-27 Last updated: 2025-05-19Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Patient safety: perioperative nursing perspectives
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Patient safety: perioperative nursing perspectives
2024 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Alternative title[sv]
Patientsäkerhet : perioperativt omvårdnadsperspektiv
Abstract [en]

Background: Operating rooms (ORs) are high-risk environments for patients and complex workplaces for staff. To enhance the safety climate, it is vital to understand prevailing attitudes towards patient safety in ORs. Experiences of operating room nurses (ORNs) regarding patient safety are little researched yet crucial in improving safety, as numerous perioperative errors may remain unreported. In Sweden, there is little agreement on key perioperative patient safety indicators, hindering the ability to monitor and improve nursing practices. Implementing policies and guidelines — which includes ensuring adherence through regular review and compliance assessment — is key to infection prevention. Currently, data on such compliance is lacking.

Aim: The overall aim of this PhD project is to explore perioperative nursing perspectives on patient safety in perioperative care.

Methods: In Study I, data was collected using the Safety Attitudes Questionnaire: OR version (SAQ-OR), which was distributed to ORNs in Sweden via an online survey platform. Descriptive and comparative statistics were employed, along with a thematic analysis of the open-ended question in the survey. Study II involved interviews with ORNs, which were analysed through qualitative content analysis. In Study III, data was collected in a three-round modified Delphi study among an expert group of ORNs using an online survey platform. Descriptive statistics were employed for analysis. Study IV involved observations and group interviews with OR teams. The observational data was analysed using descriptive statistics, while the interview data underwent qualitative content analysis.

Results: In Study I, older and more experienced ORNs rated their working conditions and management support higher and reported lower stress recognition than their younger and less experienced counterparts. Employees at county hospitals had better perceptions of the safety climate, higher job satisfaction and better working conditions than those at university hospitals. The most common recommendations for improving patient safety included better communication and ensuring adequate task time. In Study II, the ORNs described proactively addressing emerging problems during joint replacement surgery in order to mitigate complications. This approach emphasised individual responsibility for patient safety. In Study III, consensus was achieved on 73 perioperative patient safety statements, encompassing 74% process indicators and 26% structure indicators. Having specific structures in iv organisations and following defined processes were considered important for enhancing patient safety and improving surgical outcomes, such as using the Surgical Safety Checklist (SSC) and optimising the OR environment. Study IV revealed that various infection-control strategies were implemented in ORs, but the challenge of achieving consistent compliance with the guidelines remained. Organisational layout, staff awareness, enhancement of procedures and teamwork were considered to play vital roles in how implementation turned out.

Conclusion: ORs require an actively cultivated safety culture. While small hospitals often function as close-knit familial teams, larger hospitals could benefit from adopting a similar approach. Given the significance of age and experience in perioperative nursing, retaining staff becomes crucial in ensuring safety, as experienced ORNs are needed to support their less-experienced colleagues. Furthermore, effective communication and collaboration remain essential for promoting a positive safety climate. ORNs continuously adapt their work to address problems that arise. However, the sole reliance on these specialists for problem-solving highlights the need for systemic routine reviews at an overarching system level. Consensus was reached on perioperative safety indicators, including specific structural and process measures that included functional teamwork and communication to ensure patient safety. Challenges persist in establishing Prosthetic-Related Infections Should Stop (PRISS) recommendations as the standard practice, underscoring the critical importance of effective communication, comprehensive education and universal adherence to safety protocols.

Abstract [sv]

Bakgrund: Operationsrum är högriskmiljöer för patienter och komplexa arbetsplatser för vårdpersonalen. För att kunna förbättra det rådande säkerhetsklimatet är det viktigt att förstå de aktuella attityderna till patientsäkerhet i operationssalar. Forskning om specialistsjuksköterskor inom operationssjukvårds erfarenheter när det gäller patientsäkerhet är begränsad, men ändå viktig, eftersom många perioperativa fel och missar inte rapporteras. I Sverige är överenskommelsen om viktiga perioperativa patientsäkerhetsindikatorer bristfällig, vilket försvårar möjligheten att följa upp och förbättra omvårdnadspraxis. Implementering av riktlinjer är en viktig del av infektionsförebyggandet men behöver säkerställas genom regelbunden kontroll av följsamheten, vilket för närvarande är sparsamt studerat.

Syfte: Det övergripande syftet med detta doktorandprojekt är att utforska perioperativa omvårdnadsperspektiv på patientsäkerheten.

Metoder: I studie I samlades data in med hjälp av enkät om säkerhetsattityder anpassad för operationssal, som distribuerades till specialistsjuksköterskor inom operationssjukvård i Sverige, via en webbaserad enkätplattform. Beskrivande och jämförande statistik användes för analys, tillsammans med tematisk analys för den öppna frågan i enkäten. Studie II innefattade individuella intervjuer med specialistsjuksköterskor inom operationssjukvård, intervjudata analyserades med kvalitativ innehållsanalys. I studie III, en modifierad Delphi-studie, insamlades data via en webbaserad enkätplattform med påståenden om patientsäkerhet. En expertpanel bestående av specialistsjuksköterskor inom operationssjukvård skattade dessa påståenden. Totalt genomfördes tre rundor. Beskrivande statistik användes för analysen. Studie IV omfattade observationer av och gruppintervjuer med operationsteam. Observationsdata analyserades med hjälp av beskrivande statistik medan intervjudata analyserades med kvalitativ innehållsanalys.

Resultat: I studie I skattade de äldre och mer erfarna specialistsjuksköterskor inom operationssjukvård arbetsförhållanden och ledningens stöd högre och rapporterade en lägre stressigenkänning än sina yngre och mindre erfarna kollegor. Anställda vid länssjukhus skattade säkerhetsklimatet, nöjdheten med jobbet och arbetsförhållanden bättre än universitetssjukhusanställda. De vanligaste rekommendationerna för bättre patientsäkerheten på operationsavdelningen var att förbättra kommunikationen och att säkerställa tillräckligt med tid för arbetsuppgifterna. I studie II berättade vii specialistsjuksköterskor inom operationssjukvård om de utmaningar som fanns i att säkerställa patientsäkerheten på olika nivåer i organisationen. När problem uppstod kring ledplastikoperationer tog specialistsjuksköterskor inom operationssjukvård på ett förebyggande sätt, itu med det för att försöka minska komplikationsrisken för patienterna, med detta betonades det individuella ansvar för patientsäkerheten. I studie III nåddes enighet om 73 perioperativa patientsäkerhetspåståenden med fördelningen 74% process- och 26% strukturindikatorer. Att ha specifika strukturer i organisationen och att följa definierade processer för att säkerställa patientsäkerheten ansågs var avgörande komponenter för att öka patientsäkerheten och förbättra operationsresultat, såsom att använda WHO:s checklistan för säker kirurgi och optimera operationsrumsmiljön. Studie IV visade att olika infektionskontroll strategier implementerats i operationsrummen men att utmaningen med att uppnå konsekvent följsamhet till riktlinjerna kvarstod. Organisationens layout, personalens medvetenhet, förbättringar av procedurer och teamarbete ansågs spelar en avgörande roll i hur implementeringen av riktlinjerna utföll.

Konklusion: Operationsavdelningar behöver aktivt jobba med att utveckla sin säkerhetskultur. Små sjukhus fungerar ofta som sammansvetsade team och större sjukhus skulle kunna dra nytta av att försöka anta detta tillvägagångssätt. Det är viktigt att erkänna betydelsen av ålder och erfarenhet, vilket kan underlätta att behålla erfaren personal. Erfarna specialistsjuksköterskorna inom operationssjukvård behövs för att stödja sina mindre erfarna kollegor och påverka säkerhetsattityderna positivt. För att gynna ett positivt säkerhetsklimat behövs även effektiv kommunikation och bra samarbete. Specialistsjuksköterskor inom operationssjukvård anpassar kontinuerligt sitt arbete för att hantera problem som uppkommer. Att enbart förlita sig på dessa specialistsjuksköterskor för problemlösning belyser dock behovet av systematiska översyner av rutiner på en övergripande systemnivå. Konsensus nåddes om perioperativa säkerhetsindikatorer, dessa specifika struktur- och processindikatorer omfattar bland annat funktionellt teamarbete och kommunikation för att säkerställa patientsäkerhet. Utmaningar kvarstår i att etablera Protes Relaterade Infektioner Ska Stoppas (PRISS)-rekommendationer som standardpraxis. Detta understryker vikten av effektiv kommunikation, omfattande utbildning och universell efterlevnad av säkerhetsprotokoll.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Umeå: Umeå University, 2024. p. 98
Series
Umeå University medical dissertations, ISSN 0346-6612 ; 2316
Keywords
care bundle, operating room nurses, patient safety, perioperative safety indicators, resilience, safety climate, patientsäkerhet, perioperativa säkerhetsindikatorer, resiliens, riktlinjer, specialistsjuksköterskor inom operationssjukvård, säkerhetsklimat
National Category
Nursing
Research subject
Caring Sciences; Anaesthesiology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-229950 (URN)978-91-8070-449-6 (ISBN)978-91-8070-450-2 (ISBN)
Public defence
2024-10-18, Aula Biologica, Biologihuset, Umeå Universitet, Linnaeusväg 9, Umeå, 09:00 (Swedish)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2024-09-27 Created: 2024-09-23 Last updated: 2024-10-28Bibliographically approved

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Nyberg, AnetteOtten, Volker T. C.Haney, MichaelOlofsson, Birgitta

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