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Massively parallel evasion attacks and the pitfalls of adversarial retraining
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Computing Science.
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Computing Science.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-7119-7646
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Computing Science.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-2633-6798
2024 (English)In: EAI Endorsed Transactions on Internet of Things, E-ISSN 2414-1399, Vol. 10Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Even with widespread adoption of automated anomaly detection in safety-critical areas, both classical and advanced machine learning models are susceptible to first-order evasion attacks that fool models at run-time (e.g. an automated firewall or an anti-virus application). Kernelized support vector machines (KSVMs) are an especially useful model because they combine a complex geometry with low run-time requirements (e.g. when compared to neural networks), acting as a run-time lower bound when compared to contemporary models (e.g. deep neural networks), to provide a cost-efficient way to measure model and attack run-time costs. To properly measure and combat adversaries, we propose a massively parallel projected gradient descent (PGD) evasion attack framework. Through theoretical examinations and experiments carried out using linearly-separable Gaussian normal data, we present (i) a massively parallel naive attack, we show that adversarial retraining is unlikely to be an effective means to combat an attacker even on linearly separable datasets, (ii) a cost effective way of evaluating models defences and attacks, and an extensible code base for doing so, (iii) an inverse relationship between adversarial robustness and benign accuracy, (iv) the lack of a general relationship between attack time and efficacy, and (v) that adversarial retraining increases compute time exponentially while failing to reliably prevent highly-confident false classifications.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Gent EAI , 2024. Vol. 10
Keywords [en]
Machine Learning, Support Vector Machines, Trustworthy AI, Anomaly Detection, AI for Cybersecurity
National Category
Computer graphics and computer vision Computer and Information Sciences
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-228214DOI: 10.4108/eetiot.6652Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85200255571OAI: oai:DiVA.org:umu-228214DiVA, id: diva2:1886941
Funder
Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation, 2019.0352Available from: 2024-08-05 Created: 2024-08-05 Last updated: 2025-05-19Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Trustworthy machine learning
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Trustworthy machine learning
2025 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Alternative title[sv]
Tillförlitlig maskininlärning
Abstract [sv]

Denna avhandling studerar robusthet, integritet och reproducerbarhet i säker-hetskritisk maskininlärning, med särskild tonvikt på datorseende, avvikelse-detektering och undvikande attacker.

Arbetet inleds med att analysera de praktiska kostnaderna och fördelarna med försvarsstrategier mot attacker, vilket visar att vanliga mått på robusthet är dåliga indikatorer på verklig prestanda i attacker (Artikel I). Genom storskaliga experiment visar arbetet vidare att exempel på attacker ofta kan genereras i linjär tid, vilket ger angripare en beräkningsfördel gentemot försvar-are (Artikel II). För att hantera detta presenterar avhandlingen ett nytt mått – Training Rate and Survival Heuristic (TRASH) – för att förutsäga modellfel under attack och underlätta tidigt avvisande av sårbara arkitekturer (Artikel III). Detta mått utvidgades sedan till verkliga kostnader, vilket visar att robusthet i attacker kan förbättras med hjälp av billig hårdvara med låg precision utan att offra noggrannheten (Artikel IV).

Utöver robusthet behandlar avhandlingen integritet genom att utforma en lättviktig klientbaserad modell för spamdetektering som bevarar användardata och står emot flera klasser av attacker utan att kräva att beräkningar görs på serversidan (Artikel V). Som svar på behovet av reproducerbara och gransk-ningsbara experiment i säkerhetskritiska sammanhang presenterar avhandlingen även “deckard”, ett deklarativt programvaruramverk för distribuerade och robusta maskininlärningsexperiment (Artikel VI).

Tillsammans erbjuder dessa bidrag empiriska tekniker för att utvärdera och förbättra modellers robusthet, föreslår en integritetsbevarande klassificeringsstrategi och levererar praktiska verktyg för reproducerbara experiment. Sammantaget främjar avhandlingen målet att bygga maskininlärningssystem som inte bara är korrekta, utan också robusta, reproducerbara och pålitliga.

Abstract [en]

This thesis studies adversarial robustness, privacy, and reproducibility in safety critical machine learning systems, with particular emphasis on computer vision, anomaly detection, and evasion attacks through a series of papers. The work begins by analysing the practical costs and benefits of defence strategies against adversarial attacks, revealing that common robustness metrics are poor indicators of real-world adversarial performance (Paper I). Through large-scale experiments, it further demonstrates that adversarial examples can often be generated in linear time, granting attackers a computational advantage over defenders (Paper II). To address this, a novel metric—the Training Rate and Survival Heuristic (TRASH)—was developed to predict model failure under attack and facilitate early rejection of vulnerable architectures (Paper III). This metric was then extended to real-world cost, showing that adversarial robustness can be improved using low-cost, low-precision hardware without sacrificing accuracy (Paper IV). Beyond robustness, the thesis tackles privacy by designing a lightweight, client-side spam detection model that preserves user data and resists several classes of attacks without requiring server-side computation (Paper V). Recognizing the need for reproducible and auditable experiments in safety-critical contexts, the thesis also presents deckard, a declarative software frameworkfor distributed and robust machine learning experimentation (Paper VI). Together, these contributions offer empirical techniques for evaluating and improving model robustness, propose a privacy-preserving classification strategy, and deliver practical tooling for reproducible experimentation. Ultimately, this thesis advances the goal of building machine learning systems that are not only accurate, but also robust, reproducible, and trustworthy.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Umeå, Sweden: Umeå University, 2025. p. 66
Series
Report / UMINF, ISSN 0348-0542 ; 25.10
Keywords
Machine Learning, Adversarial Machine Learning, Anomaly Detection, Computer Vision, Robustness, Artificial Intelligence, Trustworthy Machine Learning, Adversariell maskininlärning, anomalidetektering, artificiell intelligens, datorseende, maskininlärning, robusthet, tillförlitlig maskininlärning
National Category
Computer Sciences
Research subject
Computer Science
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-238928 (URN)978-91-8070-722-0 (ISBN)978-91-8070-723-7 (ISBN)
Public defence
2025-06-11, UB.A.230 - Lindellhallen 3, Universitetstorget 4, Umeå, Sweden, 13:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation, 2019.035
Available from: 2025-05-21 Created: 2025-05-16 Last updated: 2025-05-19Bibliographically approved

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Meyers, CharlesLöfstedt, TommyElmroth, Erik

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