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Patient safety: perioperative nursing perspectives
Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Nursing.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-2057-4410
2024 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)Alternative title
Patientsäkerhet : perioperativt omvårdnadsperspektiv (Swedish)
Abstract [en]

Background: Operating rooms (ORs) are high-risk environments for patients and complex workplaces for staff. To enhance the safety climate, it is vital to understand prevailing attitudes towards patient safety in ORs. Experiences of operating room nurses (ORNs) regarding patient safety are little researched yet crucial in improving safety, as numerous perioperative errors may remain unreported. In Sweden, there is little agreement on key perioperative patient safety indicators, hindering the ability to monitor and improve nursing practices. Implementing policies and guidelines — which includes ensuring adherence through regular review and compliance assessment — is key to infection prevention. Currently, data on such compliance is lacking.

Aim: The overall aim of this PhD project is to explore perioperative nursing perspectives on patient safety in perioperative care.

Methods: In Study I, data was collected using the Safety Attitudes Questionnaire: OR version (SAQ-OR), which was distributed to ORNs in Sweden via an online survey platform. Descriptive and comparative statistics were employed, along with a thematic analysis of the open-ended question in the survey. Study II involved interviews with ORNs, which were analysed through qualitative content analysis. In Study III, data was collected in a three-round modified Delphi study among an expert group of ORNs using an online survey platform. Descriptive statistics were employed for analysis. Study IV involved observations and group interviews with OR teams. The observational data was analysed using descriptive statistics, while the interview data underwent qualitative content analysis.

Results: In Study I, older and more experienced ORNs rated their working conditions and management support higher and reported lower stress recognition than their younger and less experienced counterparts. Employees at county hospitals had better perceptions of the safety climate, higher job satisfaction and better working conditions than those at university hospitals. The most common recommendations for improving patient safety included better communication and ensuring adequate task time. In Study II, the ORNs described proactively addressing emerging problems during joint replacement surgery in order to mitigate complications. This approach emphasised individual responsibility for patient safety. In Study III, consensus was achieved on 73 perioperative patient safety statements, encompassing 74% process indicators and 26% structure indicators. Having specific structures in iv organisations and following defined processes were considered important for enhancing patient safety and improving surgical outcomes, such as using the Surgical Safety Checklist (SSC) and optimising the OR environment. Study IV revealed that various infection-control strategies were implemented in ORs, but the challenge of achieving consistent compliance with the guidelines remained. Organisational layout, staff awareness, enhancement of procedures and teamwork were considered to play vital roles in how implementation turned out.

Conclusion: ORs require an actively cultivated safety culture. While small hospitals often function as close-knit familial teams, larger hospitals could benefit from adopting a similar approach. Given the significance of age and experience in perioperative nursing, retaining staff becomes crucial in ensuring safety, as experienced ORNs are needed to support their less-experienced colleagues. Furthermore, effective communication and collaboration remain essential for promoting a positive safety climate. ORNs continuously adapt their work to address problems that arise. However, the sole reliance on these specialists for problem-solving highlights the need for systemic routine reviews at an overarching system level. Consensus was reached on perioperative safety indicators, including specific structural and process measures that included functional teamwork and communication to ensure patient safety. Challenges persist in establishing Prosthetic-Related Infections Should Stop (PRISS) recommendations as the standard practice, underscoring the critical importance of effective communication, comprehensive education and universal adherence to safety protocols.

Abstract [sv]

Bakgrund: Operationsrum är högriskmiljöer för patienter och komplexa arbetsplatser för vårdpersonalen. För att kunna förbättra det rådande säkerhetsklimatet är det viktigt att förstå de aktuella attityderna till patientsäkerhet i operationssalar. Forskning om specialistsjuksköterskor inom operationssjukvårds erfarenheter när det gäller patientsäkerhet är begränsad, men ändå viktig, eftersom många perioperativa fel och missar inte rapporteras. I Sverige är överenskommelsen om viktiga perioperativa patientsäkerhetsindikatorer bristfällig, vilket försvårar möjligheten att följa upp och förbättra omvårdnadspraxis. Implementering av riktlinjer är en viktig del av infektionsförebyggandet men behöver säkerställas genom regelbunden kontroll av följsamheten, vilket för närvarande är sparsamt studerat.

Syfte: Det övergripande syftet med detta doktorandprojekt är att utforska perioperativa omvårdnadsperspektiv på patientsäkerheten.

Metoder: I studie I samlades data in med hjälp av enkät om säkerhetsattityder anpassad för operationssal, som distribuerades till specialistsjuksköterskor inom operationssjukvård i Sverige, via en webbaserad enkätplattform. Beskrivande och jämförande statistik användes för analys, tillsammans med tematisk analys för den öppna frågan i enkäten. Studie II innefattade individuella intervjuer med specialistsjuksköterskor inom operationssjukvård, intervjudata analyserades med kvalitativ innehållsanalys. I studie III, en modifierad Delphi-studie, insamlades data via en webbaserad enkätplattform med påståenden om patientsäkerhet. En expertpanel bestående av specialistsjuksköterskor inom operationssjukvård skattade dessa påståenden. Totalt genomfördes tre rundor. Beskrivande statistik användes för analysen. Studie IV omfattade observationer av och gruppintervjuer med operationsteam. Observationsdata analyserades med hjälp av beskrivande statistik medan intervjudata analyserades med kvalitativ innehållsanalys.

Resultat: I studie I skattade de äldre och mer erfarna specialistsjuksköterskor inom operationssjukvård arbetsförhållanden och ledningens stöd högre och rapporterade en lägre stressigenkänning än sina yngre och mindre erfarna kollegor. Anställda vid länssjukhus skattade säkerhetsklimatet, nöjdheten med jobbet och arbetsförhållanden bättre än universitetssjukhusanställda. De vanligaste rekommendationerna för bättre patientsäkerheten på operationsavdelningen var att förbättra kommunikationen och att säkerställa tillräckligt med tid för arbetsuppgifterna. I studie II berättade vii specialistsjuksköterskor inom operationssjukvård om de utmaningar som fanns i att säkerställa patientsäkerheten på olika nivåer i organisationen. När problem uppstod kring ledplastikoperationer tog specialistsjuksköterskor inom operationssjukvård på ett förebyggande sätt, itu med det för att försöka minska komplikationsrisken för patienterna, med detta betonades det individuella ansvar för patientsäkerheten. I studie III nåddes enighet om 73 perioperativa patientsäkerhetspåståenden med fördelningen 74% process- och 26% strukturindikatorer. Att ha specifika strukturer i organisationen och att följa definierade processer för att säkerställa patientsäkerheten ansågs var avgörande komponenter för att öka patientsäkerheten och förbättra operationsresultat, såsom att använda WHO:s checklistan för säker kirurgi och optimera operationsrumsmiljön. Studie IV visade att olika infektionskontroll strategier implementerats i operationsrummen men att utmaningen med att uppnå konsekvent följsamhet till riktlinjerna kvarstod. Organisationens layout, personalens medvetenhet, förbättringar av procedurer och teamarbete ansågs spelar en avgörande roll i hur implementeringen av riktlinjerna utföll.

Konklusion: Operationsavdelningar behöver aktivt jobba med att utveckla sin säkerhetskultur. Små sjukhus fungerar ofta som sammansvetsade team och större sjukhus skulle kunna dra nytta av att försöka anta detta tillvägagångssätt. Det är viktigt att erkänna betydelsen av ålder och erfarenhet, vilket kan underlätta att behålla erfaren personal. Erfarna specialistsjuksköterskorna inom operationssjukvård behövs för att stödja sina mindre erfarna kollegor och påverka säkerhetsattityderna positivt. För att gynna ett positivt säkerhetsklimat behövs även effektiv kommunikation och bra samarbete. Specialistsjuksköterskor inom operationssjukvård anpassar kontinuerligt sitt arbete för att hantera problem som uppkommer. Att enbart förlita sig på dessa specialistsjuksköterskor för problemlösning belyser dock behovet av systematiska översyner av rutiner på en övergripande systemnivå. Konsensus nåddes om perioperativa säkerhetsindikatorer, dessa specifika struktur- och processindikatorer omfattar bland annat funktionellt teamarbete och kommunikation för att säkerställa patientsäkerhet. Utmaningar kvarstår i att etablera Protes Relaterade Infektioner Ska Stoppas (PRISS)-rekommendationer som standardpraxis. Detta understryker vikten av effektiv kommunikation, omfattande utbildning och universell efterlevnad av säkerhetsprotokoll.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Umeå: Umeå University , 2024. , p. 98
Series
Umeå University medical dissertations, ISSN 0346-6612 ; 2316
Keywords [en]
care bundle, operating room nurses, patient safety, perioperative safety indicators, resilience, safety climate
Keywords [sv]
patientsäkerhet, perioperativa säkerhetsindikatorer, resiliens, riktlinjer, specialistsjuksköterskor inom operationssjukvård, säkerhetsklimat
National Category
Medical and Health Sciences
Research subject
Caring Sciences
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-229950ISBN: 978-91-8070-449-6 (print)ISBN: 978-91-8070-450-2 (electronic)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:umu-229950DiVA, id: diva2:1900284
Public defence
2024-10-18, Aula Biologica, Biologihuset, Umeå Universitet, Linnaeusväg 9, Umeå, 09:00 (Swedish)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2024-09-27 Created: 2024-09-23 Last updated: 2024-09-24Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Longer work experience and age associated with safety attitudes in operating room nurses: an online cross-sectional study
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Longer work experience and age associated with safety attitudes in operating room nurses: an online cross-sectional study
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2024 (English)In: BMJ open quality, E-ISSN 2399-6641, Vol. 13, no 1, article id bmjoq-2022-002182Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

BACKGROUND: Patient safety is fundamental when providing care in the operating room. Still, adverse events and errors are a challenge for patient safety worldwide. To avoid preventable patient harm, organisations need a positive safety culture, the measurable component of which is known as the safety climate. To best improve the safety climate the current attitudes to safety must first be understood.

AIM: To explore operating room nurses' safety attitudes and their views on how to improve patient safety in operating rooms.

ETHOD: A cross-sectional study using the Swedish-translated version of the Safety Attitudes Questionnaire, Operating Room version. Data were collected using an online survey platform.

RESULTS: 358 operating room nurses completed the questionnaire. The results show that the older age group rated their working conditions and management support as better than the younger age groups. The older age group also rated their stress recognition as lower compared with the younger age groups. The same pattern was seen in terms of work experience, with more-experienced respondents showing a higher mean score for the factor working conditions and a lower mean score for the factor stress recognition as compared with their less-experienced colleagues. When comparing hospital types, county hospital employees had higher factor scores for safety climate, job satisfaction and working conditions than university hospital employees. The respondents' most recurring recommendations for improving patient safety were 'Having better and clearer communication' followed by 'Having enough time to do things the way they should be done'.

CONCLUSION: More focus on safety with increasing age and experience was observed in this cohort. Need for improvements is reported for patient safety in operating rooms, mainly when it comes to communication and workload. To improve and develop patient safety in the operating room, the organisational safety climate needs to be actively managed and developed. One step in actively managing the safety climate may be efforts to retain experienced operating room nurses.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2024
Keywords
Attitudes, Nurses, Patient safety, Safety culture, Surgery
National Category
Nursing
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-219813 (URN)10.1136/bmjoq-2022-002182 (DOI)38212132 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85182094382 (Scopus ID)
Funder
The Kempe FoundationsUmeå University
Available from: 2024-01-23 Created: 2024-01-23 Last updated: 2024-09-23Bibliographically approved
2. Patient safety during joint replacement surgery: experiences of operating room nurses
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Patient safety during joint replacement surgery: experiences of operating room nurses
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2021 (English)In: BMJ open quality, ISSN 2399-6641, Vol. 10, no 4, article id e001604Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

BACKGROUND: Avoidable complications for surgical patients still occur despite efforts to improve patient safety processes in operating rooms. Analysis of experiences of operating room nurses can contribute to better understanding of perioperative processes and flow, and why avoidable complications still occur.

AIM: To explore aspects of patient safety practice during joint replacement surgery through assessment of operating room nurse experiences.

METHOD: A qualitative design using semistructured interviews with 21 operating room nurses currently involved in joint replacement surgery in Sweden. Inductive qualitative content analysis was used.

RESULTS: The operating room nurses described experiences with patient safety hazards on an organisational, team and individual level. Uncertainties concerning a reliable plan for the procedure and functional reporting, as well as documentation practices, were identified as important. Teamwork and collaboration were described as crucial at the team level, including being respected as valuable, having shared goals and common expectations. On the individual level, professional knowledge, skills and experience were needed to make corrective steps.

CONCLUSION: The conditions to support patient safety, or limit complication risk, during joint replacement surgery continue to be at times inconsistent, and require steady performance attention. Operating room nurses make adjustments to help solve problems as they arise, where there are obvious risks for patient complications. The organisational patient safety management process still seems to allow deviation from established practice standards at times, and relies on individual-based corrective measures at the 'bedside' at times for good results.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2021
Keywords
attitudes, management, patient safety
National Category
Nursing
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-189497 (URN)10.1136/bmjoq-2021-001604 (DOI)000716506900003 ()34750189 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85119485782 (Scopus ID)
Funder
The Kempe Foundations
Available from: 2021-11-12 Created: 2021-11-12 Last updated: 2024-09-23Bibliographically approved
3. Perioperative patient safety indicators: a Delphi study
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Perioperative patient safety indicators: a Delphi study
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2024 (English)In: Journal of Clinical Nursing, ISSN 0962-1067, E-ISSN 1365-2702Article in journal (Refereed) Epub ahead of print
Abstract [en]

Aim: To identify, define and achieve consensus on perioperative patient safety indicators within a Swedish context.

Design: A modified Delphi method.

Methods: A purposeful sample of 22 experts, all experienced operating room nurse specialists, was recruited for this study. A questionnaire was constructed incorporating statements derived from a preceding study. The experts were asked to rate the importance of each statement concerning patient safety during the perioperative phase. The data collection occurred through an online survey platform between November 2022 and April 2023. The CREDES checklist guided the reporting of this study.

Results: The three-round Delphi study resulted in consensus on 73 statements out of 103, encompassing 74% process indicators and 26% structure indicators. Key areas of consensus included the use of the Surgical Safety Checklist and optimizing the operating room environment.

Conclusion: Consensus was reached on perioperative safety indicators, underscoring the intricate challenges involved in ensuring patient safety in the operating room. It emphasizes the important integration of both structure and process indicators for comprehensive safety assessment during surgical procedures. Recognizing the difficulty in measuring factors like teamwork and communication, essential for patient safety, the study offers practical guidance. It underlines a balanced approach and specific consensus areas applicable in clinical practice to enhance perioperative patient safety.

Implications for the profession and patient care:This study provides concrete practice guidance and establishes a structured framework for evaluating perioperative care processes. It emphasizes the critical role of professionals having the necessary skills and being present during surgical procedures. Additionally, the study underscores the paramount importance of effective communication and teamwork within the operating room team, substantively contributing to overall patient safety enhancement.

Impact: The study focused on addressing the challenge of ensuring patient safety in operating rooms, acknowledging the persistent complications related to surgery despite global efforts to eliminate avoidable harm in healthcare. Consensus was reached on 73 crucial indicators for perioperative patient safety, emphasizing a balanced approach integrating both process and structure indicators for a comprehensive assessment of safety during surgical procedures. The study has a broad impact on professionals and healthcare systems, providing concrete guidance for practice and offering a structured process for evaluating perioperative care.

Reporting Method: The study is reported informed by 'Guidance on Conducting and REporting DElphi Studies (CREDES) in palliative care: Recommendations derived from a methodological systematic review'.

Patient or Public Contribution: No patient or public contribution.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
John Wiley & Sons, 2024
Keywords
Delphi study, operating room, patient safety, perioperative care, process register, safety indicators
National Category
Nursing
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-225089 (URN)10.1111/jocn.17212 (DOI)001224563000001 ()38757741 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85193640680 (Scopus ID)
Funder
The Kempe FoundationsUmeå University
Available from: 2024-05-27 Created: 2024-05-27 Last updated: 2024-09-24
4. Compliance with perioperative infection prevention recommendations: a mixed-methods study
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Compliance with perioperative infection prevention recommendations: a mixed-methods study
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(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
National Category
Medical and Health Sciences
Research subject
Caring Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-229949 (URN)
Available from: 2024-09-23 Created: 2024-09-23 Last updated: 2024-09-23

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