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Enhancer-insulator pairing reveals heterogeneous dynamics in long-distance 3D gene regulation
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Physics.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-3315-0633
Institute for Physics & Astronomy, University of Potsdam, Potsdam-Golm, Germany; Asia Pacific Centre for Theoretical Physics, Pohang, South Korea.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-6013-7020
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Physics.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-3174-8145
2024 (English)In: PRX Life, E-ISSN 2835-8279, Vol. 2, no 3, article id 033008Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Cells regulate fates and complex body plans using spatiotemporal signaling cascades that alter gene expression. Short DNA sequences, known as enhancers (50–1500 base pairs), help coordinate these cascades by attracting regulatory proteins that enhance the transcription by binding to distal gene promoters. In humans, there are hundreds of thousands of enhancers dispersed across the genome, which poses a challenging coordination task to prevent unintended gene activation. To mitigate this problem, the genome contains insulator elements that block enhancer-promoter interactions. However, there is an open problem with how the insulation works, especially as enhancer-insulator pairs may be separated by millions of base pairs. Based on recent empirical data from Hi-C experiments, this paper proposes a new mechanism that challenges the common paradigm that rests on specific insulator-insulator interactions. Instead, this paper introduces a stochastic looping model where insulators bind weakly to chromatin rather than other insulators. After calibrating the model to experimental data, we use simulations to study the broad distribution of hitting times between an enhancer and a promoter when insulators are present. We find parameter regimes with large differences between average and most probable hitting times. This makes it difficult to assign a typical timescale and hints at highly defocused regulation times. We also map our computational model onto a resetting problem that allows us to derive several analytical results. Besides offering new insights into enhancer-insulator interactions, our paper advances the understanding of gene regulatory networks and causal connections between genome folding and gene activation.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
American Physical Society (APS) , 2024. Vol. 2, no 3, article id 033008
National Category
Biophysics Other Physics Topics Condensed Matter Physics
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-231089DOI: 10.1103/prxlife.2.033008OAI: oai:DiVA.org:umu-231089DiVA, id: diva2:1907340
Funder
Swedish Research Council, 2017-03848Swedish Research Council, 2021-04080Swedish Research Council, 2022-06725Available from: 2024-10-22 Created: 2024-10-22 Last updated: 2025-02-20Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Finding a target on DNA: interplay between the genomic sequence and 3D structure
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Finding a target on DNA: interplay between the genomic sequence and 3D structure
2024 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Alternative title[sv]
Att hitta ett mål på DNA : samspelet mellan den genomiska sekvensen och 3D-strukturen
Abstract [en]

Cells are complex systems of interconnected machinery that maintain, repairs and furthers the growth of themselves. In the centre lies the instructions that coordinate it all — the DNA. This meter-long string of code carries the instructions that coordinate cell life, from basic maintenance to the specific function of the cell in the body.

These instructions are constantly used by different protein complexes, but the mechanisms behind several details of these processes are still not understood. For example — the size of a specific set of instructions on the DNA is a mere fraction of the whole genome — how can these instructions be quickly found, and how can the complexes know it found the right set of instructions? Is this search problem related to how DNA is folded and stored in our cell nucleus? These questions are further complicated by the fact that different cell types only use specific instructions, which can change as the cell is affected by, for example, external forces. How can the DNA control which instruction set is available, and how does this affect the other questions we just asked?

These are some questions this thesis tackles. To take a step towards a better mechanistic understanding, this thesis combines data from biology and methods from physics to formulate computational and analytic models to understand the mechanical principles of DNA folding, as well as protein search and binding. This entails finding new hierarchical clusters in DNA, proposing explanations for discrepancies in DNA regulation, connecting sequence specificity with DNA folding and investigating how multiple cooperating parts complicate the DNA search problem.

We find that we can improve our tools to better understand the data we base our models on, and that sequence specificity and folding connects in intricate ways, giving us a more complete view of cellular function.

Abstract [sv]

Celler består av sammanflätade maskinerier som underhåller, reparerar och främjar tillväxten av sig själva. Centralt ligger instruktionerna som samordnar allt — DNA. Denna meterlånga kodsträng är instruktionerna som samordnar cellens liv, allt från enkelt underhåll till cellens specifika funktion i kroppen.

Dessa instruktioner används ständigt av olika proteinkomplex, men vi saknar fortfarande detaljerad förståelse om flera mekanismer bakom dessa processer. Till exempel så är längden av en specifik uppsättning instruktioner på DNA:t endast en bråkdel av hela genomet — hur kan dessa instruktioner hittas snabbt, och hur vet komplexen att de har hittat rätt instruktioner? Är detta sökproblem relaterat till hur DNA veckas och lagras i vår cellkärna? Dessa frågor kompliceras ytterligare av att olika celltyper bara använder vissa instruktioner, som kan ändras när cellen påverkas av till exempel externa påfrestningar. Hur kan DNA:t bestämma vilken uppsättning instruktioner som används, och hur påverkar det de andra frågorna vi ställde tidigare?

Detta är några av de frågor denna avhandling fokuserar på. För att uppnå en bättre mekanistisk förståelse kombinerar denna avhandling data från biologin och metoder från fysik för att formulera beräknings- och analysmodeller för att förstå de mekanistiska principerna bakom DNA-veckning samt proteinsökning och bindning. Detta innefattar att hitta nya hierarkiska kluster i DNA, föreslå alternativa förklaringar till avvikelser i DNA-reglering, koppla samman sekvenskänslighet med DNA-veckning och undersöka hur samverkande komponenter komplicerar DNA-sökningsproblemet.

Vi finner att vi kan förbättra våra verktyg för att bättre förstå det data som vi baserar våra modeller på, samt att sekvensspecificitet och veckning bör kombineras för att bättre förstå mekanismerna i cellen.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Umeå: Umeå University, 2024. p. 69
Keywords
search processes, stochastic simulations, DNA, network science, gene regulation, target-finding problems
National Category
Physical Sciences Biophysics
Research subject
Physical Biology; Physics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-231571 (URN)978-91-8070-518-9 (ISBN)978-91-8070-517-2 (ISBN)
Public defence
2024-12-06, NAT.D.450, Naturvetarhuset, Umeå, 13:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2024-11-15 Created: 2024-11-11 Last updated: 2025-02-20Bibliographically approved

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Hedström, LucasLizana, Ludvig

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