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Pesticides in Cambodia: usage, fate, and health risk
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry.
2024 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Pesticide use in Cambodia is substantial, and related to the vital role of agriculture. In the last few decades, misuse of pesticides has increased, partially due to many vendors and farmers not understanding the safety instructions that accompany pesticides imported from Vietnam, Thailand, and China. This situation poses direct risks to farmers and potential risks to consumer health, and harms the environment. This thesis addresses significant pesticide contamination in Cambodia's Mekong River basin through four interconnected papers, emphasising the urgent need for improved agricultural practices and regulations. Paper I assessed 64 pesticides in surface water and soil, reporting on the detection of 56 in water and 43 in soil samples, with maximum concentrations of 1300 ng/L (tebufenozide) and 1100 ng/g dry weight (bromophos-ethyl). Interviews with farmers revealed inadequate guidance on pesticide use, leading to overapplication and mismatched pesticide-crop pairings. Risk assessments indicated that bromophos-ethyl, dichlorvos, and iprobenfos pose high risks to aquatic organisms, underscoring the necessity for better monitoring and regulatory improvements. Paper II analysed 520 rice, vegetable, and fish samples, detecting four pesticides in rice, 45 in vegetables, and 19 in fish. Teufenozide was found to be prevalent in rice and vegetables, while flufenoxuron appeared frequently in fish due to its high bioconcentration. Many pesticides, including bromophos-ethyl and tebufenozide, exceeded maximum residue limits (MRLs) by over tenfold, primarily due to misuse, highlighting the need for enhanced regulatory measures for food safety. Paper III evaluated the health risks of 39 pesticide residues in 616 samples using a health risk index (HRI). The study identified dichlorvos as a significant risk (HRI value of 1.2 in the normal scenario and 5.1 in the high-risk scenario), despite its restricted use. Vegetable consumption was found to pose the highest risk in relation to this, indicating a need for improved pesticide management and consumer protection. Paper IV examines pesticide stability, noting that azamethiphos and dichlorvos degrades rapidly at higher temperatures due to hydrolysis, with degradation increasing with increasing temperatures. In contrast, iprobenfos, tebufenozide, and thiacloprid are moderately stable but degrade faster at elevated temperatures. This paper advocates for integrated pest management (IPM), dynamic application guidelines, and biodegradable pesticides to enhance agricultural practices. Overall, these findings reveal critical issues of pesticide contamination and health risks in Cambodia, calling for comprehensive monitoring, regulatory enhancements, and sustainable agricultural practices to protect public health and the environment.

Abstract [sv]

Användningen av pesticider i Kambodja är betydande, vilket bara speglar betydelsen av det inhemska jordbruket. Fel- och överanvändning är ett uttalat problem, delvis på grund av att de mesta pesticider importeras från Vietnam, Thailand och Kina, och många försäljare och bönder inte kan läsa säkerhetsanvisningarna. Denna situation genererar direkta risker för jordbrukare, skadar miljön och utgör potentiella risker för konsumenternas hälsa. Denna avhandling belyser den betydande pesticid-problematiken i Kambodjas genom fyra sammanlänkade studier. Artikel I utvärderar förekomsten av 64 bekämpningsmedel i ytvatten och jord, där 56 detekterades i vatten och 43 i jordprover, med maximala koncentrationer på 1300 ng/L (tebufenozid) och 1100 ng/g torrvikt (bromofos-etyl). Intervjuer med bönder avslöjade otillräcklig vägledning om användning av pesticider, vilket orsakar överapplicering och felaktiga matchning mellan pesticid och grödor. Riskbedömning indikerar att bromfosetyl, diklorvos och iprobenfos utgör höga risker för vattenlevande organismer, vilket understryker behovet av bättre övervakning och förbättringar av lagstiftningen. Artikel II analyserar 520 prover av ris, grönsaker och fisk, och fyra pesticider detekteras i ris, 45 i grönsaker och 19 i fisk. Teufenozid är vanligt förekommande i ris och grönsaker, medan flufenoxuron förekommer ofta i fisk på grund av dess höga biokoncentration. Många pesticider, inklusive bromfos-etyl och tebufenozid, överskrider maximala resthalter (MRL) med mer än tio gånger. Artikel III utvärderar hälsoriskerna av 39 pesticider i 616 prover med hjälp av ett hälsoriskindex (HRI). Studien identifierar diklorvos som en betydande risk (HRI på 1,2 i normalscenariot och 5,1 i högriskscenariot), trots dess begränsade användning. Grönsakskonsumtionen bidrar mest till risken, vilket visar på ett behov av förbättrad hantering av pesticider och konsumentskydd. Artikel IVundersöker 7 pesticidernas persistens och visar att azametifos och diklorvos bryts ned snabbt på grund av hydrolys. Däremot är iprobenfos, tebufenozid och tiakloprid måttligt stabila men bryts ner snabbare vid förhöjda temperaturer. Den här avhandlingen visar på betydelsen av ett integrerat växtskydd, dynamiska tillämpningsriktlinjer och biologiskt nedbrytbara bekämpningsmedel för att förbättra den nuvarande situationen. Sammantaget har Kambodja omfattande problem med kontaminering av pesticider, vilket kräver omfattande övervakning, regulatoriska förbättringar och hållbara jordbruksmetoder för att skydda folkhälsan och miljön.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Umeå University, 2024. , p. 72
Keywords [en]
Pesticides, Cambodia, usage
National Category
Fish and Aquacultural Science Food Science Other Chemistry Topics Environmental Sciences related to Agriculture and Land-use Other Health Sciences Environmental Sciences
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-231503ISBN: 978-91-8070-552-3 (print)ISBN: 978-91-8070-553-0 (electronic)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:umu-231503DiVA, id: diva2:1910971
Public defence
2024-12-05, Stora hörsalen (KBE303), KBC-huset, Umeå, 09:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2024-11-14 Created: 2024-11-06 Last updated: 2024-11-07Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Pesticide screening of surface water and soil along the Mekong River in Cambodia
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Pesticide screening of surface water and soil along the Mekong River in Cambodia
2024 (English)In: Science of the Total Environment, ISSN 0048-9697, E-ISSN 1879-1026, Vol. 912, article id 169312Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Widespread use of pesticides globally has led to serious concerns about environmental contamination, particularly with regard to aquatic and soil ecosystems. This work involved investigating concentrations of 64 pesticides in surface-water and soil samples collected in four provinces along the Mekong River in Cambodia during the dry and rainy seasons (276 samples in total), and conducting semi-structured interviews with local farmers about pesticide use. Furthermore, an ecological risk assessment of the detected pesticides was performed. In total, 56 pesticides were detected in surface water and 43 in soil, with individual pesticides reaching maximum concentrations of 1300 ng/L in the surface-water samples (tebufenozide) and 1100 ng/g dry weight in the soil samples (bromophos-ethyl). The semi-structured interviews made it quite evident that the instructions that farmers are provided regarding the use of pesticides are rudimentary, and that overuse is common. The perceived effect of pesticides was seen as an end-point, and there was a limited process of optimally matching pesticides to pests and crops. Several pesticides were used regularly on the same crop, and the period between application and harvest varied. Risk analysis showed that bromophos-ethyl, dichlorvos, and iprobenfos presented a very high risk to aquatic organisms in both the dry and rainy seasons, with risk quotient values of 850 for both seasons, and of 67 in the dry season and 78 in the rainy season for bromophos-ethyl, and 49 in the dry season and 16 in the rainy season for dichlorvos. Overall, this work highlights the occurrence of pesticide residues in surface water and soil along the Mekong River in Cambodia, and emphasizes the urgent need for monitoring and improving pesticide practices and regulations in the region.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier, 2024
Keywords
Ecological risk assessment, LC-MS/MS, Mekong River, Pesticides, QuEChERS, Soil, SPE, Surface water
National Category
Environmental Sciences Environmental Sciences related to Agriculture and Land-use Other Chemistry Topics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-219332 (URN)10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169312 (DOI)38104830 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85181086161 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Sida - Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency
Available from: 2024-01-12 Created: 2024-01-12 Last updated: 2024-11-06Bibliographically approved
2. High levels of currently used pesticides in commonly consumed food items from Cambodia
Open this publication in new window or tab >>High levels of currently used pesticides in commonly consumed food items from Cambodia
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
National Category
Food Science
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-231497 (URN)
Available from: 2024-11-06 Created: 2024-11-06 Last updated: 2024-11-07
3. Health risk assessment of pesticide residues in water, rice, vegetables, and fish in the Mekong region of Cambodia
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Health risk assessment of pesticide residues in water, rice, vegetables, and fish in the Mekong region of Cambodia
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
National Category
Other Health Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-231499 (URN)
Available from: 2024-11-06 Created: 2024-11-06 Last updated: 2024-11-07
4. Determination of degradation of pesticides in surface water at different temperatures and light conditions
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Determination of degradation of pesticides in surface water at different temperatures and light conditions
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
National Category
Analytical Chemistry
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-231500 (URN)
Available from: 2024-11-06 Created: 2024-11-06 Last updated: 2024-11-07

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Ngin, Putheary

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