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Exploring the benefits of DNA-target search with antenna
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Physics.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-3315-0633
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Physics.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-3174-8145
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
Abstract [en]

The most common gene regulation mechanism is when a protein binds to a regulatory sequence to change RNA transcription. However, these sequences are short relative to the genome length, so finding them poses a challenging search problem. This paper presents two mathematical frameworks capturing different aspects of this problem. First, we study the interplay between diffusional flux through a target where the searching proteins get sequestered on DNA far from the target because of non-specific interactions. From this model, we derive a simple formula for the optimal protein-DNA unbinding rate, maximizing the particle flux. Second, we study how the flux flows through a target on a single antenna with variable length. Here, we identify a non-trivial logarithmic correction to the linear behavior relative to the target size proposed by Smoluchowski's flux formula.

National Category
Other Physics Topics Biophysics
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-231568DOI: 10.48550/arXiv.2311.11727OAI: oai:DiVA.org:umu-231568DiVA, id: diva2:1911298
Available from: 2024-11-07 Created: 2024-11-07 Last updated: 2025-02-20Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Finding a target on DNA: interplay between the genomic sequence and 3D structure
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Finding a target on DNA: interplay between the genomic sequence and 3D structure
2024 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Alternative title[sv]
Att hitta ett mål på DNA : samspelet mellan den genomiska sekvensen och 3D-strukturen
Abstract [en]

Cells are complex systems of interconnected machinery that maintain, repairs and furthers the growth of themselves. In the centre lies the instructions that coordinate it all — the DNA. This meter-long string of code carries the instructions that coordinate cell life, from basic maintenance to the specific function of the cell in the body.

These instructions are constantly used by different protein complexes, but the mechanisms behind several details of these processes are still not understood. For example — the size of a specific set of instructions on the DNA is a mere fraction of the whole genome — how can these instructions be quickly found, and how can the complexes know it found the right set of instructions? Is this search problem related to how DNA is folded and stored in our cell nucleus? These questions are further complicated by the fact that different cell types only use specific instructions, which can change as the cell is affected by, for example, external forces. How can the DNA control which instruction set is available, and how does this affect the other questions we just asked?

These are some questions this thesis tackles. To take a step towards a better mechanistic understanding, this thesis combines data from biology and methods from physics to formulate computational and analytic models to understand the mechanical principles of DNA folding, as well as protein search and binding. This entails finding new hierarchical clusters in DNA, proposing explanations for discrepancies in DNA regulation, connecting sequence specificity with DNA folding and investigating how multiple cooperating parts complicate the DNA search problem.

We find that we can improve our tools to better understand the data we base our models on, and that sequence specificity and folding connects in intricate ways, giving us a more complete view of cellular function.

Abstract [sv]

Celler består av sammanflätade maskinerier som underhåller, reparerar och främjar tillväxten av sig själva. Centralt ligger instruktionerna som samordnar allt — DNA. Denna meterlånga kodsträng är instruktionerna som samordnar cellens liv, allt från enkelt underhåll till cellens specifika funktion i kroppen.

Dessa instruktioner används ständigt av olika proteinkomplex, men vi saknar fortfarande detaljerad förståelse om flera mekanismer bakom dessa processer. Till exempel så är längden av en specifik uppsättning instruktioner på DNA:t endast en bråkdel av hela genomet — hur kan dessa instruktioner hittas snabbt, och hur vet komplexen att de har hittat rätt instruktioner? Är detta sökproblem relaterat till hur DNA veckas och lagras i vår cellkärna? Dessa frågor kompliceras ytterligare av att olika celltyper bara använder vissa instruktioner, som kan ändras när cellen påverkas av till exempel externa påfrestningar. Hur kan DNA:t bestämma vilken uppsättning instruktioner som används, och hur påverkar det de andra frågorna vi ställde tidigare?

Detta är några av de frågor denna avhandling fokuserar på. För att uppnå en bättre mekanistisk förståelse kombinerar denna avhandling data från biologin och metoder från fysik för att formulera beräknings- och analysmodeller för att förstå de mekanistiska principerna bakom DNA-veckning samt proteinsökning och bindning. Detta innefattar att hitta nya hierarkiska kluster i DNA, föreslå alternativa förklaringar till avvikelser i DNA-reglering, koppla samman sekvenskänslighet med DNA-veckning och undersöka hur samverkande komponenter komplicerar DNA-sökningsproblemet.

Vi finner att vi kan förbättra våra verktyg för att bättre förstå det data som vi baserar våra modeller på, samt att sekvensspecificitet och veckning bör kombineras för att bättre förstå mekanismerna i cellen.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Umeå: Umeå University, 2024. p. 69
Keywords
search processes, stochastic simulations, DNA, network science, gene regulation, target-finding problems
National Category
Physical Sciences Biophysics
Research subject
Physical Biology; Physics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-231571 (URN)978-91-8070-518-9 (ISBN)978-91-8070-517-2 (ISBN)
Public defence
2024-12-06, NAT.D.450, Naturvetarhuset, Umeå, 13:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2024-11-15 Created: 2024-11-11 Last updated: 2025-02-20Bibliographically approved

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Hedström, LucasLizana, Ludvig

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