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Long-range gene regulation and 3D organization of the glioblastoma genome
Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical and Translational Biology. Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine at Umeå University (WCMM). (Silvia Remeseiro Lab)ORCID iD: 0000-0002-0741-5730
2025 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)Alternative title
Långdistansgenreglering och 3D-organisation av glioblastomgenomet (Swedish)
Abstract [en]

Alterations in 3D chromatin organization and epigenetic regulation drivecancer progression. Here I use glioblastoma (GB) as a model to understandthe broad impact of epigenetic changes on tumour biology. By mapping the promoter-enhancer interactome and chromatin states in GB, we uncovered extensive rewiring of chromatin architecture that leads to the activation of gene networks associated with synaptic communication, axonogenesis, axon guidance, and chromatin remodelling. Central to these networks are transcription factors (TFs) such as SMAD3 and PITX1, identified as keyplayers in gene regulatory networks (GRNs) mediating neuron-to-gliomasynaptic communication. Moreover, we showed that tumour growth can be affected by modulating the activity of TFs, such as SMAD3, which mediates neuron-to-glioma synapses. These findings highlight how epigenetic changes and reorganization of 3D genome topology enable GB cells to integrate neural signals and translate them into a proliferative response.

Through epigenetic perturbation of novel EGFR (Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor) enhancers, we observed a reduction in GB cell proliferation and invasion, alongside increased sensitivity to the chemotherapeutic agent temozolomide (TMZ). Therefore, targeting specific regulatory regions canalso influence tumour cell behaviour, though to a lower extent than targeting complete GRNs via TF modulation.

Additionally, using Multi-Omics Binary Integration via Lasso Ensembles (MOBILE), a Machine Learning (ML)-based tool, we identified novel GRNs impacted by the rewiring of GB’s epigenetic landscape and critical for GB pathogenesis. Among them, GABA signalling emerged as a previously unrecognized driver of GB tumour progression. 

In summary, this work advances our understanding of how epigenetic regulation and 3D chromatin architecture shape the gene expression landscape of glioblastoma tumours. It paves the way for novel therapeutic strategies targeting chromatin regulators and GRNs to tackle difficult-to-treat cancers, such as glioblastoma.

Abstract [sv]

Förändringar i 3D-kromatinorganisation och epigenetisk reglering driver cancerprogression. Här använder vi glioblastom (GB) som en modell för att förstå den bredare effekten av epigenetiska förändringar på tumörbiologi. Genom att kartlägga promotor-enhancerinteraktomet och kromatintillstånd i GB, upptäckte vi omfattande omkoppling av kromatinarkitektur. Detta leder till aktivering av gennätverk associerade med synaptisk kommunikation, axonogenes, axonvägledning och kromatinstrukturering. Centrala i dessa nätverk är transkriptionsfaktorer (TF) som SMAD3 och PITX1, identifierade som nyckelspelare i genreglerande nätverk (GRN) som förmedlar neuron-till-gliom synaptisk kommunikation. Dessa fynd belyser hur neuronal aktivitet främjar gliomcellproliferation via epigenetiskt drivna förändringar i 3D-genomtopologi. Dessutom visade vi att tumörtillväxt kan påverkas genom att modulera aktiviteten hos TF:er, som SMAD3, som förmedlar neuron-till-gliom synaptisk kommunikation.

Genom epigenetisk störning av nya EGFR (Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor)-enhancers observerade vi en minskning av GB-cellproliferation och invasion, samt ökad känslighet för det kemoterapeutiska medlet temozolomid (TMZ). Därför kan inriktning på specifika regulatoriska regioner också påverka tumörcellsbeteende, även om det sker i mindre utsträckning än genom att rikta in sig på kompletta GRN via TF-modulering.

Dessutom, med hjälp av Multi-Omics binär integration via Lasso Ensembles (MOBILE), ett maskininlärningsbaserat verktyg (ML), identifierade vi nya GRN:er som påverkas av omkopplingen av GB epigenetiska landskap ochsom är kritiska för GB patogenes. Bland dessa framträdde GABA-signaleringsom en tidigare okänd drivkraft för GB-tumörprogression.

Sammanfattningsvis främjar detta arbete vår förståelse av hur epigenetisk reglering och 3D-kromatinarkitektur formar genuttryckslandskapet i glioblastomtumörer. Det banar väg för nya terapeutiska strategier som rikta rsig mot kromatinregulatorer och GRNs för att tackla svårbehandlade cancerformer, såsom glioblastom.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Umeå University, 2025. , p. 90
Series
Umeå University medical dissertations, ISSN 0346-6612 ; 2340
National Category
Cell and Molecular Biology
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-232988ISBN: 978-91-8070-588-2 (print)ISBN: 978-91-8070-589-9 (electronic)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:umu-232988DiVA, id: diva2:1921542
Public defence
2025-01-30, Aula Biologica, Biologihuset, Umeå, 09:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2025-01-09 Created: 2024-12-16 Last updated: 2024-12-17Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Rewiring of the promoter-enhancer interactome and regulatory landscape in glioblastoma orchestrates gene expression underlying neurogliomal synaptic communication
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Rewiring of the promoter-enhancer interactome and regulatory landscape in glioblastoma orchestrates gene expression underlying neurogliomal synaptic communication
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2023 (English)In: Nature Communications, E-ISSN 2041-1723, Vol. 14, no 1, article id 6446Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Chromatin organization controls transcription by modulating 3D-interactions between enhancers and promoters in the nucleus. Alterations in epigenetic states and 3D-chromatin organization result in gene expression changes contributing to cancer. Here, we map the promoter-enhancer interactome and regulatory landscape of glioblastoma, the most aggressive primary brain tumour. Our data reveals profound rewiring of promoter-enhancer interactions, chromatin accessibility and redistribution of histone marks in glioblastoma. This leads to loss of long-range regulatory interactions and overall activation of promoters, which orchestrate changes in the expression of genes associated to glutamatergic synapses, axon guidance, axonogenesis and chromatin remodelling. SMAD3 and PITX1 emerge as major transcription factors controlling genes related to synapse organization and axon guidance. Inhibition of SMAD3 and neuronal activity stimulation cooperate to promote proliferation of glioblastoma cells in co-culture with glutamatergic neurons, and in mice bearing patient-derived xenografts. Our findings provide mechanistic insight into the regulatory networks that mediate neurogliomal synaptic communication.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Springer Nature, 2023
National Category
Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-216189 (URN)10.1038/s41467-023-41919-x (DOI)001117712600006 ()37833281 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85174178290 (Scopus ID)
Available from: 2023-11-09 Created: 2023-11-09 Last updated: 2024-12-17Bibliographically approved
2. Epigenomic perturbation of novel EGFR enhancers reduces the proliferative and invasive capacity of glioblastoma and increases sensitivity to temozolomide
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Epigenomic perturbation of novel EGFR enhancers reduces the proliferative and invasive capacity of glioblastoma and increases sensitivity to temozolomide
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2023 (English)In: BMC Cancer, E-ISSN 1471-2407, Vol. 23, no 1, article id 945Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Background: Glioblastoma (GB) is the most aggressive of all primary brain tumours and due to its highly invasive nature, surgical resection is nearly impossible. Patients typically rely on radiotherapy with concurrent temozolomide (TMZ) treatment and face a median survival of ~ 14 months. Alterations in the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor gene (EGFR) are common in GB tumours, but therapies targeting EGFR have not shown significant clinical efficacy.

Methods: Here, we investigated the influence of the EGFR regulatory genome on GB cells and identified novel EGFR enhancers located near the GB-associated SNP rs723527. We used CRISPR/Cas9-based approaches to target the EGFR enhancer regions, generating multiple modified GB cell lines, which enabled us to study the functional response to enhancer perturbation.

Results: Epigenomic perturbation of the EGFR regulatory region decreases EGFR expression and reduces the proliferative and invasive capacity of glioblastoma cells, which also undergo a metabolic reprogramming in favour of mitochondrial respiration and present increased apoptosis. Moreover, EGFR enhancer-perturbation increases the sensitivity of GB cells to TMZ, the first-choice chemotherapeutic agent to treat glioblastoma.

Conclusions: Our findings demonstrate how epigenomic perturbation of EGFR enhancers can ameliorate the aggressiveness of glioblastoma cells and enhance the efficacy of TMZ treatment. This study demonstrates how CRISPR/Cas9-based perturbation of enhancers can be used to modulate the expression of key cancer genes, which can help improve the effectiveness of existing cancer treatments and potentially the prognosis of difficult-to-treat cancers such as glioblastoma.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
BioMed Central (BMC), 2023
Keywords
CRISPR/Cas9, EGFR, Enhancer, Epigenomic perturbation, Glioblastoma
National Category
Cancer and Oncology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-215716 (URN)10.1186/s12885-023-11418-9 (DOI)001082654500001 ()37803333 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85173760974 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Umeå UniversitySwedish Research Council, 2019–01960Swedish Cancer Society, 21 1720Knut and Alice Wallenberg FoundationThe Kempe Foundations, SMK-1964.2
Available from: 2023-11-10 Created: 2023-11-10 Last updated: 2024-12-16Bibliographically approved
3. ML-based approaches identify new malignant gene regulatory networks relevant for glioblastoma pathogenesis
Open this publication in new window or tab >>ML-based approaches identify new malignant gene regulatory networks relevant for glioblastoma pathogenesis
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
National Category
Cell and Molecular Biology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-232990 (URN)
Available from: 2024-12-16 Created: 2024-12-16 Last updated: 2024-12-17Bibliographically approved

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