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Rehabilitation in dementia: exploring feasibility and addressing loneliness
Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-4917-4787
2025 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)Alternative title
Rehabilitering vid demenssjukdom : utforska genomförbarhet av rehabilitering och aspekter av ensamhet (Swedish)
Abstract [en]

Background: Rehabilitation is recommended for adults living with dementia. Multidimensional interdisciplinary rehabilitation has the potential to increase the opportunity for older adults with dementia and their caregivers to continue to live an active and social life with participation in society contributing to their health and well-being. However, scientific knowledge and clinical experiences are limited in respect to feasibility of rehabilitation programs which include education and support for informal caregivers. 

In very old adults, where dementia is common, a limited numbers of studies have focused on factors associated with loneliness. Due to the risk of the severe health consequences associated with loneliness, there is a need to increase knowledge about the prevalence and factors associated with loneliness among very old adults, especially among those with dementia. 

Aim: To evaluate the feasibility of a person-centered multidimensional, interdisciplinary rehabilitation program among community-dwelling adults with dementia and their informal caregivers, and to explore loneliness in adults with dementia.

Methods: From the population-based study, the Umeå 85+/Gerontological Regional Database (GERDA) study, the prevalence of loneliness was assessed in a representative sample of very old adults, aged 85, 90, and 95 years and over, with and without dementia (n =1176). Loneliness was assessed by the question “Do you ever feel lonely?” Data on socio-demographic factors, aspects of social participation, diagnose, medical conditions, routine prescription medications, and assessments were also collected through structured interviews (Paper I). 

In the randomized controlled pilot study, the Multidimensional Interdisciplinary Rehabilitation in Dementia (MIDRED) study, a person-centered rehabilitation program for community-dwelling older adults with dementia including education and support for informal primary caregivers, was evaluated. Sixty-one participants with dementia and 67 informal caregivers were randomized to either a control group (usual care) or to the rehabilitation program. The program consisted of assessments and interventions provided by a multiprofessional team over a 20-week rehabilitation period, followed by 2 follow-up periods of 4 weeks each, after 5 and 14 months. In Paper II, the rehabilitation program in the MIDRED study was evaluated in terms of follow-up and response rates, and potential short- and long-term effects in adults with dementia on social participation, loneliness, and mental health. At baseline, and at 5, 12, 24, and 36 months, participation in the society, loneliness, depressive symptoms and psychological well-being were evaluated. The experiences of participating in the rehabilitation program in the MIDRED study were explored in Paper III from the perspectives of participants with dementia (n=16), and in Paper IV from the perspectives of their informal caregivers (n=14). The participants with dementia and their informal caregivers were interviewed separately at the end of the 20-week rehabilitation period, and data were analyzed using qualitative content analysis.

Results: In Paper I the prevalence of loneliness (often/sometimes) did not differ significantly between adults with (50.9%) and without (46.0%) dementia. In multivariable regression models, two variables were significantly associated with loneliness in both study groups (participants with and without dementia); living alone and depressive symptoms. In adults without dementia, living in nursing homes was associated with less loneliness. The preliminary result from Paper II showed that the response rate was high for all assessments in the areas of mental health, loneliness, and social participation until the 12-month follow-up, including questions with multiple-choice options. The response rate after 12 months decreased, particularly for cognitively demanding questions with multiple-choice options in the area of social participation. Overall, there were few statistically significant differences between the groups, but some of the findings seem potentially clinically meaningful. Favoring the intervention group, there were clinically meaningful differences in depressive symptoms (short-term), active recreation, organized social activities, and visiting family and friends (short-term). Furthermore, there were no indications that the rehabilitation program had any clinically meaningful effects on loneliness in the intervention group. The control group seemed more satisfied with their frequency of keeping in touch with others. Paper III identified one central theme: empowered through participation and togetherness – reflecting the perspectives of adults with dementia participating in the rehabilitation program. This theme incorporated four sub-themes: Being strengthened through challenges; gaining insights, motives, and raising concerns about the future; being seen makes participation worthwhile; and feelings of togetherness in prosperity and adversity. The analysis of experiences of informal caregivers’ participation in the program, as described in Paper IV, generated a total of seven categories, encapsulated in three themes: feeling challenged and boosted to face an uncertain future; perceiving supportive activities as sources of both joy and frustration in everyday life; and finding relief in recognizing the relative’s former self.

Conclusion: In very old adults, loneliness seems equally prevalent among those with and without dementia, although well-known risk factors for loneliness, such as depression and living alone, were more common among adults with dementia. The two groups shared two of the three factors associated independently with loneliness (living alone and having depressive symptoms). Living in a nursing home was associated with the experience of less loneliness in those without dementia. These findings contribute to important knowledge when developing strategies to reduce loneliness in this growing age group characterized by high risks of loneliness and dementia.

Overall, a person-centered multidimensional interdisciplinary rehabilitation program for community-dwelling adults with dementia, combined with education and support aimed at their informal caregivers, seems feasible. From the perspective of community-dwelling older adults with dementia and informal caregivers, the rehabilitation program was viable and valuable. The adults with dementia described increased self-esteem by daring and coping in the rehabilitation program. The insights they gained about themselves, and their condition motivated them to continue with their prioritized activities, but also raised concerns about how the future would play out. Collaboration in the group and being seen and acknowledged by staff strengthened their own motivation and self-efficacy among the participants with dementia. Furthermore, the informal caregivers felt empowered by the rehabilitation and more equipped to handle their uncertain future. While participating in the program proved challenging to everyday routines, the benefits appeared to outweigh the strain. The assessments used in this study over three years, in the areas of social participation, loneliness, and mental health seems feasible. It seemed cognitively demanding for participants with dementia to answer questions regarding social participation after 12 months. Therefore, the strategy of also asking informal caregivers/staff was valuable in avoiding data loss. The current pilot study indicates potentially clinically meaningful findings on social participation and mental health (short-term) of the rehabilitation program. The findings in this thesis indicate that it is relevant to proceed to an adequately powered RCT. To alleviate loneliness, one could consider additional development of the intervention. 

Abstract [sv]

Bakgrund: Rehabilitering är något som rekommenderas för vuxna med demenssjukdom. Multidimensionell interdisciplinär rehabilitering har potential att öka möjligheten för äldre vuxna med demenssjukdom och deras närstående att fortsätta leva ett aktivt och socialt liv med socialt engagemang i samhället för både hälsa och välbefinnande. Den vetenskapliga kunskapen och de kliniska erfarenheterna är dock begränsade med avseende på genomförbarhet och potentiella effekter av ett sådant rehabiliteringsprogram, som också innehåller utbildning och stöd till närstående.

Hos mycket gamla människor, där demenssjukdom är vanligt, har ett begränsat antal studier fokuserat på faktorer förknippade med ensamhet. På grund av risken för allvarliga hälsokonsekvenser som följer av ensamhet finns det ett behov av att öka kunskapen om förekomst av och faktorer som är förknippade med ensamhet bland mycket gamla människor och särskilt bland de som har en demenssjukdom.

Syfte: Att utvärdera genomförbarhet och potentiella effekter av ett personcentrerat multidimensionellt interdisciplinärt rehabiliteringsprogram för äldre personer med demenssjukdom som bor i ordinärt boende och deras närstående, samt att utforska ensamhet hos äldre personer med demenssjukdom.

Metod: Från den befolkningsbaserade studien, Umeå 85+/Gerontological Regional Database (GERDA), undersöktes förekomsten av ensamhet i ett representativt urval av mycket gamla människor, 85, 90 och 95 år och över, som lever med och utan demenssjukdom (n=1176). Ensamhet bedömdes med frågan "Händer det att du känner dig ensam?" Data om sociodemografiska faktorer, aspekter av social delaktighet, diagnoser och medicinska tillstånd, läkemedel, bedömningar och tester samlades också in genom strukturerade intervjuer i hemmet och genomgång av patientjournal (delstudie I).

I den randomiserade kontrollerade pilotstudien utvärderades studien, Multidimensional Interdisciplinary Rehabilitation in Dementia (MIDRED), som är ett personcentrerat rehabiliteringsprogram för äldre personer med demens som bor i ordinärt boende, inklusive utbildning och stöd till närstående. Sextioen deltagare med demenssjukdom och 67 närstående lottades till antingen en kontrollgrupp (sedvanlig vård) eller till rehabiliteringsprogrammet. Programmet bestod av bedömningar och interventioner som tillhandahölls av ett multiprofessionellt team under en 20-veckors rehabiliteringsperiod, följt av två uppföljningsperioder på fyra veckor vardera efter 5 och 14 månader. I delstudie II utvärderades rehabiliteringsprogrammet i MIDRED-studien i termer av uppföljningsfrekvens och svarsfrekvens, och potentiella kort- och långtidseffekter hos äldre vuxna med demenssjukdom med fokus på social delaktighet, ensamhet och mental hälsa. Testningar utfördes vid baslinjen och vid 5, 12, 24 och 36 månader. Erfarenheterna av att delta i rehabiliteringsprogrammet i MIDRED-studien undersöktes i delstudie III från deltagare med demens (n=16) perspektiv och i delstudie IV från deras närståendes perspektiv (n=14). Deltagarna med demens och deras närstående intervjuades individuellt i slutet av den 20 veckor långa rehabiliteringsperioden och data analyserades med hjälp av kvalitativ innehållsanalys.

Resultat: I delstudie I skilde sig inte förekomsten av ensamhet (ofta/ibland) signifikant mellan mycket gamla människor med (50,9 %) och utan (46,0 %) demenssjukdom. I multivariabla regressionsmodeller var två variabler signifikant associerade med ensamhet i båda studiegrupperna (deltagare med och utan demenssjukdom). Dessa var att leva ensam och att ha depressiva symtom. Hos mycket gamla människor utan demenssjukdom var boende på särskilt boende förknippat med mindre ensamhet. Det preliminära resultatet från delstudie II visade att svarsfrekvensen var hög för alla bedömningar inom områdena mental hälsa, ensamhet och social delaktighet fram till 12-månadersuppföljningen, inklusive frågor som innehöll flervalsalternativ. Svarsfrekvensen efter 12 månader minskade, särskilt för de mer kognitivt krävande frågor som hade flervalsalternativ inom området social delaktighet. Sammantaget visades ett fåtal statistiskt signifikanta skillnader mellan grupperna, men några av fynden verkar potentiellt kliniskt meningsfulla. Till fördel för interventionsgruppen fanns det kliniskt meningsfulla skillnader i depressiva symtom (kortvarig), aktiv rekreation, organiserade sociala aktiviteter och besök av familj och vänner (kortvarig). Det fanns ingen indikation på att rehabiliteringsprogrammet hade några kliniskt betydelsefulla effekter på ensamhet i interventionsgruppen. Kontrollgruppen verkade mer nöjd med frekvensen av att hålla kontakten med andra. Delstudie III identifierade ett centralt tema: Blivit stärkt genom delaktighet och samhörighet – vilket speglar perspektiven hos vuxna med demens som deltar i rehabiliteringsprogrammet. Det centrala temat baserades på fyra underteman: Att stärkas genom utmaningar; Få insikter, motiv och väcka oro för framtiden; Att bli sedd gör det värt att delta; och Känslor av samhörighet i medgång och motgång. Analysen av upplevelser av närståendes deltagande i programmet, som beskrivs i delstudie IV, genererade totalt sju kategorier, som sammanfogades till tre teman: Att känna sig utmanad och upplyft inför att möta en osäker framtid; Att uppfatta stödjande aktiviteter som källor till både glädje och frustration i vardagen; och Att finna lättnad i att känna igen sin anhöriges tidigare jag.

Slutsats: Hos mycket gamla människor verkar ensamhet vara lika utbredd bland de med som utan demens, även om välkända riskfaktorer för ensamhet, såsom depression och att bo ensam, var vanligare bland mycket gamla med demens. De två grupperna delade två av tre faktorer som var förknippade med ensamhet, vilket var att leva ensam och ha depressiva symtom. Att bo på ett särskilt boende var förknippat med upplevelsen av mindre ensamhet hos personer utan demens. Dessa fynd bidrar till viktig kunskap vid utveckling av strategier för att minska ensamhet i denna växande åldersgrupp som kännetecknas av höga risker för ensamhet och demens.

Sammantaget verkar ett personcentrerat multidimensionellt interdisciplinärt rehabiliteringsprogram för äldre personer med demens som bor i ordinärt boende, kombinerat med utbildning och stöd riktat till deras närstående, vara genomförbart och upplevdes värdefullt. Deltagarna med demens beskrev ökad självkänsla genom att de vågade mer och hanterade sin vardag bättre genom rehabiliteringen. Insikterna om sig själva och deras tillstånd motiverade dem att fortsätta med sina prioriterade aktiviteter, men väckte också oro för hur framtiden skulle se ut. Samvaron i gruppen och att bli sedd och uppmärksammad av personalen stärkte deras egen motivation och egen förmåga bland deltagarna med demens. De närstående kände sig stärkta av rehabiliteringen och mer rustade att hantera en oviss framtid. Samtidigt som rehabiliteringsprogrammet utmanade vardagsrutinerna, verkade fördelarna uppväga påfrestningarna. Mätmetoder som användes i denna studie under tre år, inom områdena social delaktighet, ensamhet och mental hälsa verkar möjliga att använda. Det verkade kognitivt krävande för deltagare med demens att svara på frågor om social delaktighet efter 12 månader. Därför var det värdefullt att använda strategin att även fråga närstående eller personal för att undvika bortfall av data. Den här aktuella pilotstudien indikerar potentiellt kliniskt betydelsefulla fynd om social delaktighet och mental hälsa (kortsiktig). Baserat på fynden i denna avhandling verkar det vara relevant att gå vidare till en randomiserad kontrollerad studie med tillräcklig adekvat statistisk styrka. För att lindra ensamheten skulle man kunna överväga att vidareutveckla insatser fokuserade på ensamhet.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Umeå: Umeå University, 2025. , p. 115
Series
Umeå University medical dissertations, ISSN 0346-6612 ; 2346
Keywords [en]
Aged, Dementia, Experiences, Feasibility study, Informal caregivers, Interdisciplinary rehabilitation, Loneliness, Mental health, Qualitative, Social participation
National Category
Occupational Therapy
Research subject
Occupational therapy
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-235913ISBN: 978-91-8070-612-4 (print)ISBN: 978-91-8070-613-1 (electronic)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:umu-235913DiVA, id: diva2:1940609
Public defence
2025-03-28, Aula Biologica, BIO. E. 203, Biologihuset, Umeå Universitet, Umeå, 09:00 (Swedish)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
The Dementia Association - The National Association for the Rights of the DementedPromobilia foundationRegion VästerbottenUmeå UniversityThe Janne Elgqvist Family FoundationForte, Swedish Research Council for Health, Working Life and Welfare, 2014-0897AlzheimerfondenFoundation for the Memory of Ragnhild and Einar LundströmStiftelsen Gamla TjänarinnorSwedish Research Council, K2014-99X-22610-01-6Vårdal Foundation
Note

Ytterligare finansiärer: 

Erik & Anne-Marie Detlofs minnesfond; Stiftelsen JC Kempes Minnes Stipendiefond; Imsamlingstiftelsen för medicinsk forskning Umeå universitet; Konung Gustav V:s och drottning Viktorias Stiftelse; Europeiska Unionen; Regionala utvecklingsfonden: Interreg IIIA Mitt-Scandia och Botnia Atlantica-programmet; och Strategiska forskningsområdet vårdvetenskap (SFO-V)

Available from: 2025-03-07 Created: 2025-02-26 Last updated: 2025-03-07Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Loneliness among very old people with and without dementia: prevalence and associated factors in a representative sample
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Loneliness among very old people with and without dementia: prevalence and associated factors in a representative sample
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2022 (English)In: European Journal of Ageing, ISSN 1613-9372, E-ISSN 1613-9380, Vol. 19, p. 1441-1453Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Loneliness and dementia are common among very old (aged ≥ 80 years) people, but whether the prevalence of loneliness differs between very old people with and without dementia is unknown and few studies have investigated associated factors. The aims of the present study were to compare the prevalence of loneliness between people with and without dementia in a representative sample of very old people, and to investigate factors associated with loneliness in the two groups separately. This population-based study was conducted with data on 1176 people aged 85, 90, and ≥ 95 years (mean age 89.0 ± 4.47 years) from the Umeå 85 + /Gerontological Regional Database study conducted in northern Sweden, during year 2000–2017. Structured interviews and assessments were conducted during home visits. Loneliness was assessed using the question “Do you ever feel lonely?.” Multivariable logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify factors associated with loneliness in participants with and without dementia. The prevalence of loneliness did not differ between people with and without dementia (50.9% and 46.0%, respectively; p = 0.13). Seven and 24 of 35 variables were univariately associated with the experience of loneliness in participants with and without dementia, respectively. In the final models, living alone and having depressive symptoms were associated with the experience of loneliness in both study groups. In participants without dementia, living in a nursing home was associated with the experience of less loneliness. These findings contribute with important knowledge when developing strategies to reduce loneliness in this growing age group.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Springer, 2022
Keywords
Aged 80 and over, Cross-sectional study, Dementia, Social participation
National Category
Nursing Gerontology, specialising in Medical and Health Sciences Public Health, Global Health and Social Medicine
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-199917 (URN)10.1007/s10433-022-00729-8 (DOI)000854398500001 ()36157280 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85138167224 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Swedish Research Council, K2014-99X-22610-01- 6Vårdal FoundationKonung Gustaf V:s och Drottning Victorias FrimurarestiftelseThe Kempe FoundationsRegion VästerbottenThe Dementia Association - The National Association for the Rights of the DementedEuropean CommissionInterreg
Available from: 2022-10-05 Created: 2022-10-05 Last updated: 2025-02-26Bibliographically approved
2. Social participation, loneliness and mental health in older adults with dementia: a randomized controlled pilot trial of a person-centered multidimensional interdisciplinary rehabilitation program.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Social participation, loneliness and mental health in older adults with dementia: a randomized controlled pilot trial of a person-centered multidimensional interdisciplinary rehabilitation program.
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(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
National Category
Geriatrics Occupational Therapy
Research subject
Occupational therapy
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-235924 (URN)
Available from: 2025-02-26 Created: 2025-02-26 Last updated: 2025-03-03Bibliographically approved
3. Experiences of community-dwelling older people with dementia participating in a person-centred multidimensional interdisciplinary rehabilitation program
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Experiences of community-dwelling older people with dementia participating in a person-centred multidimensional interdisciplinary rehabilitation program
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2021 (English)In: BMC Geriatrics, E-ISSN 1471-2318, Vol. 21, no 1, article id 341Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Background: There is great need for development of feasible rehabilitation for older people with dementia. Increased understanding of this population’s experiences of rehabilitation participation is therefore important. The aim of this study was to explore the experiences of community-dwelling older people with dementia participating in a person-centred multidimensional interdisciplinary rehabilitation program.

Methods: Sixteen older people with dementia were interviewed about their experiences of participation in a person-centred multidimensional interdisciplinary rehabilitation program. The program comprised assessments by a comprehensive team of rehabilitation professionals followed by a rehabilitation period of 16 weeks, including interventions based on individualized rehabilitation goals conducted with the support of the rehabilitation team. The rehabilitation was performed in the participants’ homes, in the community and at an outpatient clinic, including exercise with social interaction in small groups offered twice a week to all participants. The interviews were conducted at the end of the rehabilitation period and analysed with qualitative content analysis.

Results: The analysis resulted in one overarching theme: Empowered through participation and togetherness and four sub-themes: Being strengthened through challenges; Gaining insights, motives, and raising concerns about the future; Being seen makes participation worthwhile; and Feelings of togetherness in prosperity and adversity. The participants increased their self-esteem by daring and coping in the rehabilitation. The insights about themselves and their condition motivated them to continue with their prioritized activities, but also raised concerns about how the future would play out. Collaboration in the group and being seen and acknowledged by staff strengthened their own motivation and self-efficacy.

Conclusion: According to community-dwelling older people with dementia, a person-centred multidimensional interdisciplinary rehabilitation program was experienced as viable and beneficial. The participants seemed empowered through the rehabilitation and expressed mostly positive experiences and perceived improvements. Providers of interdisciplinary rehabilitation programs for this group should consider aspects raised by the participants e.g. the positive experience of being challenged in both exercise and daily activities; the importance of being seen and feeling secure; the benefits and challenges of collaboration with others in the same situation; and the generation of new perspectives of current and future situation.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
BioMed Central, 2021
Keywords
Aged, Dementia, Experiences, Interdisciplinary, Qualitative research, Rehabilitation
National Category
Nursing
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-184444 (URN)10.1186/s12877-021-02282-y (DOI)000660608300004 ()2-s2.0-85107216049 (Scopus ID)
Available from: 2021-06-14 Created: 2021-06-14 Last updated: 2025-02-26Bibliographically approved
4. Informal caregivers’ perspectives on participation in a dementia rehabilitation programme
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Informal caregivers’ perspectives on participation in a dementia rehabilitation programme
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2025 (English)In: Scandinavian Journal of Occupational Therapy, ISSN 1103-8128, E-ISSN 1651-2014, Vol. 32, no 1, article id 2463374Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Background: There is limited experience in combining interdisciplinary rehabilitation for persons with dementia and caregiver support.

Aim: To explore how informal caregivers perceive participation in a person-centred, multidimensional, interdisciplinary rehabilitation programme targeting community-dwelling older adults with dementia and their informal caregivers, and how the programme has influenced their everyday life.

Material and Methods: Fourteen informal caregivers, aged 45–84 years, participated in a qualitative interview following a randomised controlled pilot study. Transcribed interviews were analysed using qualitative content analysis.

Results: The analysis resulted in seven categories and three themes: feelingchallenged and boostedto face an uncertain future, perceiving supportive activities as sources ofbothjoy and frustration in everyday life and finding relief in recognising their relative’s former self.

Conclusions and Significance: Combining interdisciplinary rehabilitation for adults with dementia with education and support for caregivers was perceived as viable and valuable for the informal caregivers. They felt strengthened by the rehabilitation and better prepared for their uncertain future. However, participation also challenged everyday routines, but the benefits appeared to outweigh the strain.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Taylor & Francis, 2025
Keywords
Community-dwelling, everyday life, experiences, interdisciplinary, person-centred, qualitative research
National Category
Occupational Therapy Nursing
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-235863 (URN)10.1080/11038128.2025.2463374 (DOI)001420909000001 ()2-s2.0-85217833657 (Scopus ID)
Funder
The Dementia Association - The National Association for the Rights of the DementedRegion Västerbotten
Available from: 2025-02-24 Created: 2025-02-24 Last updated: 2025-02-26Bibliographically approved

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