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The negative ions at the lunar surface (NILS) instrument on the Chang’E-6 mission
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Physics. Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Bengt Hultqvists väg 1, Kiruna, Sweden.
Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Bengt Hultqvists väg 1, Kiruna, Sweden.
Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Bengt Hultqvists väg 1, Kiruna, Sweden.
Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Bengt Hultqvists väg 1, Kiruna, Sweden.
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2025 (English)In: Space Science Reviews, ISSN 0038-6308, E-ISSN 1572-9672, Vol. 221, no 3, article id 38Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The Negative Ions at the Lunar Surface (NILS) instrument is a compact mass resolving negative ion and electron analyser flown on the Chinese Chang’E-6 mission to the Moon. NILS measures negative ions and electrons in the energy range of 3 eV/q to 3 keV/q with a mass resolution m/Δm of about 2. The mass resolution is sufficient to separate charge-converted solar wind protons and sputtered negatively charged atoms form the surface. An electro-magnetic electron suppression system allows to switch between electron and ion measurements. The fan-shaped field of view is divided into 16 discrete angular pixels that are scanned sequentially. For each viewing direction, an electron and an ion energy spectrum is acquired in 4.06 s. NILS has a mass of 919 g, excluding cables and multi-layer insulation. Power consumption is on average 2.7 W during nominal operations.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
2025. Vol. 221, no 3, article id 38
Keywords [en]
Chang’E-6, Geometric factor determination, Lunar surface, Mass resolving negative ion analyzer, Solar wind - regolith interaction
National Category
Fusion, Plasma and Space Physics Astronomy, Astrophysics and Cosmology
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-238375DOI: 10.1007/s11214-025-01162-wISI: 001466462400001Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-105003321091OAI: oai:DiVA.org:umu-238375DiVA, id: diva2:1957228
Available from: 2025-05-08 Created: 2025-05-08 Last updated: 2026-02-20Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Observing solar wind interacting with regolith
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Observing solar wind interacting with regolith
2026 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Alternative title[sv]
Observationer av solvindens växelverkan med regolit
Abstract [en]

This thesis aims to deepen our understanding of regolith – the layer of unconsolidated solid material that covers the bedrock of planetary bodies. For airless bodies, regolith forms the primary interface between the body and the energy and matter that permeate the solar system. One way to investigate regolith is by studying the products of its interactions with incident atomic particles. We develop a physical model of these interactions, derive observational predictions, and test them against measurements in order to evaluate and refine the model. As new data become available, this iterative, model-driven approach progressively constrains our knowledge of the physical properties of regolith.

To validate or refute such models, measurements of particles emitted from regolith are required. We addressed this need by developing a dedicated particle instrument, calibrating it, and deploying it on the lunar surface, where it directly measured particles emitted from lunar regolith. When exposed to precipitating ions and photons, lunar regolith responds by anisotropically emitting a zoo of particles spanning multiple charge states, species,and energies. The instrument was specifically designed to detect negatively charged ions emitted from the surface. It successfully performed this measurement and produced valuable observational data which, when interpreted through predictive modelling, indicate that lunar regolith is a surprisinglyefficient emitter of negative ions.

Abstract [sv]

Denna avhandling syftar till att fördjupa vår förståelse av regolit – det lager av löst sammanfogat material som täcker berggrunden på vissa himlakroppar. För luftlösa kroppar utgör regolit det primära gränssnittet mellan kroppen och den energi och materia som flödar genom solsystemet. Ett sätt att undersöka regolit är att studera produkterna av dess växelverkan med inkommande atomära partiklar. Vi utvecklar en fysikalisk modell av dessa interaktioner, härleder förutsägelser av observationer och testar dem mot mätningar för att utvärdera och förfina modellen. Allteftersom nya data blir tillgängliga avgränsar denna iterativa, modelldrivna metod successivt vår kunskap om regolitens fysikaliska egenskaper. För att validera eller motbevisa sådana modeller krävs mätningar av partiklar som avges från regolit. Vi tillgodosåg detta behov genom att utvecklaett specialiserat partikelinstrument, kalibrera det och placera det på månens yta, där det direkt mätte partiklar som avgavs från månregolit. När månregolit utsätts för inkommande joner och fotoner reagerar det genom att anisotropiskt avge en mängd olika sorters partiklar med flera laddningstillstånd och energier. Instrumentet var specifikt utformat för att detektera negativt laddade joner som avges från ytan. Det utförde framgångsrikt denna mätning och producerade värdefulla observationsdata som, när de tolkas genom prediktiv modellering, indikerar att månregolit är en överraskande effektiv källa av negativa joner.

Abstract [fr]

Cette thèse vise à approfondir notre compréhension du régolithe – la couche de matériau solide non consolidé qui recouvre le substrat rocheux des corps planétaires. Pour les corps dépourvus d’atmosphère, le régolithe constitue l’interface principale entre le corps et l’énergie ainsi que la matière qui imprègnent le système solaire. Une manière d’étudier le régolithe consiste à étudier les produits de ses interactions lorsqu’il est exposé à des particules. Nous développons un modèle physique de ces interactions, en dérivons des prédictions observationnelles, puis les confrontons aux mesures afin d’évaluer et d’affiner le modèle. À mesure que de nouvelles données deviennent disponibles, cette approche itérative permet de contraindre progressivement notre connaissance des propriétés physiques du régolithe.

Pour valider ou réfuter de tels modèles, des mesures des particules émises par le régolithe sont nécessaires. Nous avons répondu à ce besoin en développant un instrument dédié à la détection de particules, en le calibrant, puis en le déployant à la surface lunaire, où il a mesuré directement les particules émises par le régolithe lunaire. Lorsqu’il est exposé à des ions ou des photons, le régolithe lunaire réagit en émettant de manière anisotrope une grande diversité de particules couvrant plusieurs états de charge, espèces et énergies. L’instrument a été spécifiquement conçu pour détecter les ions négatifs émis depuis la surface. Il a accompli cette mesure avec succès et produit des données observationnelles précieuses qui, interprétées à l’aide de la modélisation prédictive, indiquent que le régolithe lunaire est un émetteur d’ions négatifs étonnamment efficace.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Umeå: Umeå University, 2026. p. 48
Series
IRF Scientific Report, ISSN 0284-1703 ; 320
Keywords
Particle instrument, solar wind, particle-surface interactions, geometric factor, Bayesian statistics, inference, lunar regolith, cometary regolith, Chang'e-6
National Category
Fusion, Plasma and Space Physics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-250126 (URN)978-91-8070-943-9 (ISBN)978-91-8070-944-6 (ISBN)
Public defence
2026-03-23, Ljusårssalen (Aula), IRF Kiruna, Bengt Hultqvists väg 1, Kiruna, 09:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2026-03-02 Created: 2026-02-20 Last updated: 2026-02-23Bibliographically approved

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Canu Blot, Romain

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