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Pesticides play an important role in increasing crop productivity and ensuring food security. However, the extensive and irrational use of pesticides has affected soil health globally. The physicochemical and biological properties of soil determine soil health. Soil microbiota and soil fauna play an important role in the ecological functioning of soils and nutrient cycling in agroecosystems. Pesticides have been shown to negatively affect soil microbiota, structure, composition and fertility. As a consequence, the availability and absorption of nutrients for plants are affected. In this chapter, we address comprehensively the impact of pesticides on soil health and plant nutrition. Also discussed are the probable approaches and challenges faced while addressing the issue of excessive pesticide use in agriculture, including policy and regulatory approaches, biotechnology and technology-based solutions, practising sustainable agriculture based upon principles of agroecology, and integrated pest management (IPM).