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A tiny, client-side classifier
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Computing Science. (Autonomous Distributed Systems Laboratory)
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Computing Science. (Autonomous Distributed Systems Laboratory)ORCID iD: 0000-0002-2633-6798
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Computing Science.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-7119-7646
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The recent developments in machine learning have highlighted a conflict between online platforms and their users in terms of privacy. The importance of user privacy and the struggle for power over user data has been intensified as regulators and operators attempt to police the online platforms.As users have become increasingly aware of privacy issues, client-side data storage, management, and analysis have become a favoured approach to large-scale centralised machine learning.However, state-of-the-art machine learning methods require vast amounts of labelled user data, making them unsuitable for models that reside client-side and only have access to a single user's data.State-of-the-art methods are also computationally expensive, which degrades the user experience on compute-limited hardware and also reduces battery life.A recent alternative approach has proven remarkably successful in classification tasks across a wide variety of data---using a compression-based distance measure (called normalized compression distance) to measure the distance between generic objects in classical distance-based machine learning methods.In this work, we demonstrate that the normalized compression distance is actually not a metric; develop it for the wider context of kernel methods to allow modelling of complex data; and present techniques to improve the training time of models that use this distance measure.We show that the normalised compression distance works as well as and sometimes better than other metrics and kernels---without incurring additional computational costs and in spite of the lack of formal metric properties.The end results is a simple model with remarkable accuracy even when trained on a very small number of samples allowing for models that are small and effective enough to run entirely on a client device using only user-supplied data.

Keywords [en]
Text classification, kernel methods, spam detection, privacy, classification, compression
National Category
Computer Sciences
Research subject
Computer Science
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-238924OAI: oai:DiVA.org:umu-238924DiVA, id: diva2:1958882
Available from: 2025-05-16 Created: 2025-05-16 Last updated: 2025-05-19Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Trustworthy machine learning
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Trustworthy machine learning
2025 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Alternative title[sv]
Tillförlitlig maskininlärning
Abstract [sv]

Denna avhandling studerar robusthet, integritet och reproducerbarhet i säker-hetskritisk maskininlärning, med särskild tonvikt på datorseende, avvikelse-detektering och undvikande attacker.

Arbetet inleds med att analysera de praktiska kostnaderna och fördelarna med försvarsstrategier mot attacker, vilket visar att vanliga mått på robusthet är dåliga indikatorer på verklig prestanda i attacker (Artikel I). Genom storskaliga experiment visar arbetet vidare att exempel på attacker ofta kan genereras i linjär tid, vilket ger angripare en beräkningsfördel gentemot försvar-are (Artikel II). För att hantera detta presenterar avhandlingen ett nytt mått – Training Rate and Survival Heuristic (TRASH) – för att förutsäga modellfel under attack och underlätta tidigt avvisande av sårbara arkitekturer (Artikel III). Detta mått utvidgades sedan till verkliga kostnader, vilket visar att robusthet i attacker kan förbättras med hjälp av billig hårdvara med låg precision utan att offra noggrannheten (Artikel IV).

Utöver robusthet behandlar avhandlingen integritet genom att utforma en lättviktig klientbaserad modell för spamdetektering som bevarar användardata och står emot flera klasser av attacker utan att kräva att beräkningar görs på serversidan (Artikel V). Som svar på behovet av reproducerbara och gransk-ningsbara experiment i säkerhetskritiska sammanhang presenterar avhandlingen även “deckard”, ett deklarativt programvaruramverk för distribuerade och robusta maskininlärningsexperiment (Artikel VI).

Tillsammans erbjuder dessa bidrag empiriska tekniker för att utvärdera och förbättra modellers robusthet, föreslår en integritetsbevarande klassificeringsstrategi och levererar praktiska verktyg för reproducerbara experiment. Sammantaget främjar avhandlingen målet att bygga maskininlärningssystem som inte bara är korrekta, utan också robusta, reproducerbara och pålitliga.

Abstract [en]

This thesis studies adversarial robustness, privacy, and reproducibility in safety critical machine learning systems, with particular emphasis on computer vision, anomaly detection, and evasion attacks through a series of papers. The work begins by analysing the practical costs and benefits of defence strategies against adversarial attacks, revealing that common robustness metrics are poor indicators of real-world adversarial performance (Paper I). Through large-scale experiments, it further demonstrates that adversarial examples can often be generated in linear time, granting attackers a computational advantage over defenders (Paper II). To address this, a novel metric—the Training Rate and Survival Heuristic (TRASH)—was developed to predict model failure under attack and facilitate early rejection of vulnerable architectures (Paper III). This metric was then extended to real-world cost, showing that adversarial robustness can be improved using low-cost, low-precision hardware without sacrificing accuracy (Paper IV). Beyond robustness, the thesis tackles privacy by designing a lightweight, client-side spam detection model that preserves user data and resists several classes of attacks without requiring server-side computation (Paper V). Recognizing the need for reproducible and auditable experiments in safety-critical contexts, the thesis also presents deckard, a declarative software frameworkfor distributed and robust machine learning experimentation (Paper VI). Together, these contributions offer empirical techniques for evaluating and improving model robustness, propose a privacy-preserving classification strategy, and deliver practical tooling for reproducible experimentation. Ultimately, this thesis advances the goal of building machine learning systems that are not only accurate, but also robust, reproducible, and trustworthy.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Umeå, Sweden: Umeå University, 2025. p. 66
Series
Report / UMINF, ISSN 0348-0542 ; 25.10
Keywords
Machine Learning, Adversarial Machine Learning, Anomaly Detection, Computer Vision, Robustness, Artificial Intelligence, Trustworthy Machine Learning, Adversariell maskininlärning, anomalidetektering, artificiell intelligens, datorseende, maskininlärning, robusthet, tillförlitlig maskininlärning
National Category
Computer Sciences
Research subject
Computer Science
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-238928 (URN)978-91-8070-722-0 (ISBN)978-91-8070-723-7 (ISBN)
Public defence
2025-06-11, UB.A.230 - Lindellhallen 3, Universitetstorget 4, Umeå, Sweden, 13:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation, 2019.035
Available from: 2025-05-21 Created: 2025-05-16 Last updated: 2025-05-19Bibliographically approved

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Meyers, CharlesElmroth, ErikLöfstedt, Tommy

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