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Shaping light at the surface: plasmonic and nanophotonic structures for sensing and heat control
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Physics.ORCID iD: 0009-0002-9248-5748
2025 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)Alternative title
Ytor som formar ljus : plasmoniska och nanofotoniska strukturer för detektion och värmekontroll (Swedish)
Abstract [en]

Light is a central part of how we perceive and interact with the world, shaping the colors ofour surroundings, the images we capture, and the signals we use to communicate. Its behavior is influenced not only by its intrinsic properties but also by the materials and structures it encounters. At familiar scales, this is expressed through everyday phenomena such as reflection, refraction, and absorption. When these interactions are controlled at the nanoscale, however, new effects emerge, as materials can be structured to manipulate light in ways that do not occur in bulk systems. These possibilities define the field of nanophotonics, within which plasmonics has emerged as a versatile approach that uses the collective motion of electrons in metals to concentrate light at the nanoscale, with applications ranging from molecular disease detection to solar–thermal energy conversion.

Part of this thesis explores how structured surfaces can be used to control light through plasmonic nanostructures, with particular attention to surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). To provide reliable and accessible sensing platforms, two contrasting metasurfaces were developed using gold-coated polymer and diamond substrates. The polymer platforms, fabricated by nanoimprint lithography, offered low-cost and large-area reproducibility, whereas the diamond substrates, grown by chemical vapor deposition, provided recyclable bases with enhanced thermal stability. In a complementary direction, surface oxidation of stainless steel was employed to form thin oxide films of controlled thickness, which exploited interference effects to improve solar absorption and demonstrated how even simple materials can be structured for cost-effective energy applications.

The second part of the thesis focuses on biosensing, with particular attention to the detection of bacterial spores, which represent a persistent challenge in both public health and industry. Spores are dormant bacterial cell types that can survive extreme conditions that normally eliminate pathogens, including heat, radiation, disinfectants, and nutrient deprivation. Their resilience allows them to remain viable for long periods and to reactivate when conditions improve, making them a source of contamination and disease in food production, healthcare environments, and even biodefense, where species such as Bacillus anthracis are of concern. In this thesis, a SERS-based method was developed using gold nanorods to identify spores of Bacillus thuringiensis through the spore-specific biomarker calcium dipicolinate (CaDPA), enabling qualitative detection at concentrations as low as 103 spores/mL. Applicability was further examined in a case study with milk spiked at 106 spores/mL, where detection after dilution confirmed that the method can operate in a complex food matrix. Complementary work investigated the adhesion of Bacillus paranthracis spores to industrially relevant surfaces, showing that filament-like endospore appendages promote attachment to stainless steel and polypropylene while having less influence on glass or polystyrene. Together, these studies provide both a method for spore detection and insights into spore–surface interactions, offering knowledge relevant to contamination control in food and related industries.

The work presented in this thesis provides perspectives on the design of plasmonic sensing substrates, the use of thin oxide films for solar absorption, and the detection and adhesion of bacterial spores on technological surfaces. Taken together with the theoretical background and practical considerations developed throughout the thesis, these studies demonstrate how plasmonic and nanophotonic concepts can be translated into functional platforms and applied across different contexts.

Abstract [sv]

Ljus är en grundläggande del av hur vi uppfattar och samspelar med vår omvärld. Det påverkar färgerna i vår omgivning, de bilder vi tar och de signaler vi använder för kommunikation. Ljuset formas inte enbart av sina inre egenskaper, utan också av de material och strukturer det möter. På vardagliga skalor tar detta sig uttryck i fenomen som reflektion, brytning och absorption. När interaktionerna däremot styrs på nanonivå uppstår nya effekter, eftersom material kan designas för att manipulera ljus på sätt som inte är möjliga i bulkform. Detta utgör grunden för nanofotonik, inom vilket plasmonik har etablerat sig som en mångsidig metod. Genom att utnyttja elektronernas kollektiva rörelser i metaller kan ljus koncentreras på nanoskalan, med tillämpningar som sträcker sig från molekylär sjukdomsdiagnostik till sol–termisk energikonvertering.

En del av denna avhandling undersöker hur strukturerade ytor kan användas för att styra ljus via plasmoniska nanostrukturer, med särskilt fokus på ytförstärkt Ramanspridning (SERS). För att skapa tillförlitliga och lättillgängliga sensorer utvecklades två olika typer av metaytor baserade på guldöverdragna polymer- respektive diamantsubstrat. Polymerplattformarna, framställda med nanoimprintlitografi, erbjöd en kostnadseffektiv och storskalig tillverkningsmetod, medan diamantsubstraten, odlade genom kemisk ångdeposition, gav återanvändbara baser med hög termisk stabilitet. I ett kompletterande spår användes kontrollerad ytoxidation av rostfritt stål för att framställa tunna oxidfilmer. Dessa utnyttjade interferenseffekter för förbättrad solabsorption och illustrerade hur även enkla material kan struktureras för billiga och effektiva energilösningar.

Avhandlingens andra del fokuserar på biosensorik, med särskild betoning på detektion av bakteriella sporer, en långvarig utmaning inom både folkhälsa och industri. Sporer är vilande cellformer som kan överleva extrema förhållanden som normalt eliminerar patogener, inklusive värme, strålning, desinfektionsmedel och näringsbrist. Deras motståndskraft gör att de kan förbli livskraftiga under lång tid och återaktiveras när förhållandena förbättras. Därmed utgör de en riskkälla inom livsmedelsproduktion, vårdmiljöer och även inom bioförsvar, där arter som Bacillus anthracis är särskilt relevanta. I denna avhandling utvecklades en SERS-baserad metod med guldnanostavar för att identifiera sporer av Bacillus thuringiensis via den sporespecifika biomarkören kalciumdipikolinat (CaDPA). Metoden möjliggjorde kvalitativ detektion vid koncentrationer så låga som 103 sporer/mL. Metodens praktiska användbarhet testades vidare i en fallstudie med mjölk som spätts till 106 sporer/mL, där detektion efter utspädning bekräftade att tekniken fungerar även i en komplex livsmedelsmatris. Kompletterande experiment undersökte hur sporer av Bacillus paranthracis fäster vid industriellt relevanta ytor. Resultaten visade att filamentliknande utskott på sporerna underlättade vidhäftning till rostfritt stål och polypropen, medan effekten var mindre uttalad på glas och polystyren. Tillsammans ger dessa studier både en metod för sporesdetektion och fördjupad kunskap om spore–ytinteraktioner, med relevans för kontroll av kontaminering inom livsmedelsindustrin och angränsande områden.

Sammanfattningsvis presenterar denna avhandling nya perspektiv på utformning av plasmoniska sensorsubstrat, användning av tunna oxidfilmer för solabsorption samt studier av detektion och adhesion av bakteriella sporer på teknologiska ytor. Tillsammans med den teoretiska bakgrunden och de praktiska överväganden som behandlas visar resultaten hur nanofotoniska och plasmoniska koncept kan omsättas i funktionella plattformar med tillämpningar i skilda sammanhang.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Umeå: Umeå University, 2025. , p. 74
Keywords [en]
SERS, Plasmonics, Spores, Biosensing, Metasurface, NIL, CVD, Diamond, Selective coatings
National Category
Biophysics Nanotechnology for Energy Applications Nanotechnology for Material Science Atom and Molecular Physics and Optics Microbiology
Research subject
nanomaterials; nanoparticles; Microbiology
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-244072ISBN: 978-91-8070-761-9 (print)ISBN: 978-91-8070-762-6 (electronic)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:umu-244072DiVA, id: diva2:1997123
Public defence
2025-10-03, Rotundan, Universum-Aula Nordica, Umeå, 09:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2025-09-12 Created: 2025-09-11 Last updated: 2025-09-15Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Plasmonic metasurface assisted by thermally imprinted polymer nano‐well array for surface enhanced Raman scattering
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Plasmonic metasurface assisted by thermally imprinted polymer nano‐well array for surface enhanced Raman scattering
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2022 (English)In: Nano Select, E-ISSN 2688-4011, Vol. 3, no 9, p. 1344-1353Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Plasmonic nanometasurfaces/nanostructures possess strong electromagnetic field enhancement caused by resonant oscillations of free electrons, and has been extensively applied in biosensing, nanophotonic and photocatalysis. However, fabrication of uniform nanostructured metasurfaces by conventional methods is complicated and costly, which mitigates a wide-spread use of this technique in ubiquitous applications. Here, we present a facile and scalable method to fabricate an active nanotrench plasmonic gold substrate. The surface comprises sub-10 nm plasmonic nanogaps and their formation is assisted by a pre-fabrication of nano-imprinted polymer nano-well arrays. The plasmonic metasurface is optimized to maximize the density of the nano-trenches by tuning the substrate material, imprinting procedure and film deposition. We show that the surface Raman enhancement due to plasmonic resonances correlates well with trench density and reach a meritorious enhancement factor of EF > 105 over large surfaces.

We further show that the electric field strength at the nanotrench features are well explained by finite element method simulations using COMSOL Multiphysics. The plasmonic substrate is transparent in the visible spectrum and conductive. In combination with a scalable bottom-up fabrication the plasmonic metasurface opens up for a wider use of the sensitive and reliable SERS substrate in applications such as portable sensing devices and for future internet of things.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
John Wiley & Sons, 2022
Keywords
nanoimprinting, nanotrenches, nano-well array, plasmonic metasurface, SERS
National Category
Condensed Matter Physics Other Physics Topics Atom and Molecular Physics and Optics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-201311 (URN)10.1002/nano.202200010 (DOI)001176468000009 ()
Funder
Swedish Research Council, (2017-04862Swedish Research Council, 2021–04629Region VästerbottenSwedish Energy Agency, 45419-1
Available from: 2022-11-29 Created: 2022-11-29 Last updated: 2025-09-11Bibliographically approved
2. Tunable and reusable CVD diamond surfaces for thermally stable SERS
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Tunable and reusable CVD diamond surfaces for thermally stable SERS
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(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
National Category
Nanotechnology for Material Science Nanotechnology for/in Life Science and Medicine Atom and Molecular Physics and Optics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-244062 (URN)
Available from: 2025-09-11 Created: 2025-09-11 Last updated: 2025-09-30Bibliographically approved
3. Towards solar selective carbon nanotube composites on optically tunable undercoatings
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Towards solar selective carbon nanotube composites on optically tunable undercoatings
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(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Realizing the huge potential of solar thermal collectors depends on the reduction in levelized cost of energy, intimately related to production techniques, supply chains, industrial incorporation, and component cost. A key component in solar thermal collectors is the receiver with its solar selective coating, leveraging a high solar weighted absorptance, αS, and low thermal emittance, εT, to maximize the solar-to-thermal conversion efficiency. Herein, a solar selective multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) silica composite is deposited on a thermally induced oxide undercoating using highly scalable, cheap and sustainable methods and materials. The undercoating is optically tuned through manipulation of destructive interference to reduce reflectance in the visible wavelength region, to compliment the absorptance of the CNT composite dominated by π-plasmon excitation centered in the UV-region. Optimization of the CNT composite composition and layer stack configuration is achieved by the successful development of models to simulate the optical properties of both the oxide undercoating and the MWCNT silica composite top-coating. The tools and methods developed here take us closer to achieving sustainable and cost competitive coatings needed to realize the potential of solar thermal.

Keywords
Solar energy, Carbon nanotubes, CNT composite, Solar selective coating, Solar absorber, Optical simulations, Optical coatings
National Category
Nanotechnology for Energy Applications
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-238173 (URN)
Funder
EU, Horizon 2020, 884213Swedish Research Council, 2021-04629Swedish Energy Agency, 45419-1EU, European Research Council, 101096650Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation, WISE-IP01-D01
Available from: 2025-04-25 Created: 2025-04-25 Last updated: 2025-09-11Bibliographically approved
4. Ultra-sensitive detection of bacterial spores via SERS
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Ultra-sensitive detection of bacterial spores via SERS
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2025 (English)In: ACS Sensors, E-ISSN 2379-3694, Vol. 10, no 2, p. 1237-1248Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Bacterial spores are highly resilient and capable of surviving extreme conditions, making them a persistent threat in contexts such as disease transmission, food safety, and bioterrorism. Their ability to withstand conventional sterilization methods necessitates rapid and accurate detection techniques to effectively mitigate the risks they present. In this study, we introduce a surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) approach for detecting Bacillus thuringiensis spores by targeting calcium dipicolinate acid (CaDPA), a biomarker uniquely associated with bacterial spores. Our method uses probe sonication to disrupt spores, releasing their CaDPA, which is then detected by SERS on drop-dried supernatant mixed with gold nanorods. This simple approach enables the selective detection of CaDPA, distinguishing it from other spore components and background noise. We demonstrate detection of biogenic CaDPA from concentrations as low as 103 spores/mL, with sensitivity reaching beyond CaDPA levels of a single spore. Finally, we show the method’s robustness by detecting CaDPA from a realistic sample of fresh milk mixed with spores. These findings highlight the potential of SERS as a sensitive and specific technique for bacterial spore detection, with implications for fields requiring rapid and reliable spore identification.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
American Chemical Society (ACS), 2025
Keywords
detection, DPA, nanorods, plasmonics, SERS, spores
National Category
Biochemistry Molecular Biology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-234870 (URN)10.1021/acssensors.4c03151 (DOI)001403530600001 ()39847439 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-86000382192 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Swedish Research Council, 2017-59504862Swedish Research Council, 2021-04629Swedish Research Council, 2023-04085
Available from: 2025-02-04 Created: 2025-02-04 Last updated: 2025-09-30Bibliographically approved
5. Endospore appendages enhance adhesion of Bacillus cereus sensu lato spores to industrial surfaces, modulated by physicochemical factors
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Endospore appendages enhance adhesion of Bacillus cereus sensu lato spores to industrial surfaces, modulated by physicochemical factors
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(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
National Category
Microbiology Biophysics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-244071 (URN)
Available from: 2025-09-11 Created: 2025-09-11 Last updated: 2025-09-11Bibliographically approved

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