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Beyond the 'obstetric gaze': exploring the unseen and multifaceted long-term consequences of severe perineal trauma for women's health and working lives
Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Nursing.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-1767-5712
2025 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)Alternative title
Bortom den "obstetriska blicken" : en undersökning av de osynliga, mångfacetterade och långsiktiga konsekvenserna av sfinkterbristningar vid förlossning för kvinnors hälsa och arbetsliv (Swedish)
Abstract [en]

Severe perineal trauma (SPT) during childbirth can lead to long-term physical and psychological consequences for women's sexual and reproductive health. Statistically, around 2500 women sustain SPT every year in Sweden. Despite this, maternal health outcomes beyond one year postpartum remain largely underexplored, particularly in Sweden. Around one third of women with SPT report ongoing complications and dissatisfaction with postpartum care, often due to limited access to information and services. Swedish healthcare reports highlight the need to strengthen postpartum care, which currently relies heavily on clinical experience rather than robust scientific evidence. Existing research on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) following SPT is inconclusive and narrowly focused on anal incontinence, often overlooking broader aspects of well-being and daily life. The effects of SPT on working life and women's engagement in the labour market remain insufficiently explored, particularly from a gender perspective. Thus, the long-term effects of SPT on women's health, quality of life, and occupational participation have been insufficiently studied and gender-theoretically problematised, raising critical questions about the consequences of SPT for women's everyday functioning and societal engagement.

The overall aim of the thesis is to explore the long-term (beyond one year postpartum) consequences of SPT for women's HRQoL, healthcare contacts, and working lives in Sweden.The research involved two quantitative cross-sectional survey studies and two qualitative interview studies. The participants were recruited online by convenience and purposive sampling through social-media platforms, blogs, interest groups, and patient organisations tied to perineal trauma. Data were collected via a REDCap®-distributed questionnaire consisting of validated instruments on HRQoL, pelvic floor function, sexual function, and work ability as well as via individual interviews. The data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics such as linear and logistic regression models and qualitative approaches such as qualitative content analysis and grounded theory. The quantitative cross-sectional samples included 197 and 221 women, respectively, while the purposive qualitative samples comprised 10 and 12 women, respectively.

The main findings of this thesis build upon and extend the concept of the 'OASIS syndrome', coined by Keighley et al. in 2016. Hence, this thesis introduces and conceptualises the 'SPT syndrome' within women's sexual and reproductive health, as a multifaceted, unseen, and socially constructed long-term syndrome. The SPT syndrome encompasses six interrelated dimensions: physical, psychological, emotional, sexual, social, and occupational. These dimensions were derived from both quantitative data and qualitative narratives from women who experienced SPT during childbirth. Central to this is the fact that women with SPT reported significantly lower physical- and mental-health outcomes compared to the general population of women in Sweden. Two thirds of the women in our sample experienced sexual dysfunction. Moreover, one third of the women in our sample described impaired work ability. The findings show that while some health improvement is observed after 8–10 years, many women continue to face challenges accessing healthcare, rehabilitation, and occupational support. The syndrome is deeply embedded in a gendered sociocultural context that is marked by objectification of women and normalisation of long-term health problems following SPT. Importantly, the SPT syndrome is not a fixed medical condition, and has the potential for rehabilitation and recovery.

This thesis and the appended papers offer new insights into the long-term consequences of SPT, with particular regard to its impact on women's quality of life and work ability. They are the first piece of research to explore the occupational dimension of SPT, revealing how the syndrome – spanning physical, psychological, emotional, sexual, social, and occupational dimensions – can impair work capacity and compel symptom concealment in professional settings. The findings highlight systemic issues such as healthcare inaccessibility, gaslighting, and the normalisation of suffering. Addressing the SPT syndrome requires long-term follow-up, multidisciplinary care, and trauma-informed, woman-centred approaches. Policy recommendations include extending follow-up periods via national registers, improving competence on pelvic floor dysfunction in primary healthcare, facilitating referral pathways, and fostering supportive, trauma-informed workplace environments. Within the occupational sphere, employers need to foster openness within the workplace and provide women with understanding, support, and flexibility if needed. Societally, the full maternal health burden of SPT may be obscured by parental leave policies, and possibly contributes to reductions in productivity, and thus personal financial losses and societal costs. Integrating SPT into public discourse is essential in order to dismantle taboos and promote the visibility of affected women and validation of their experiences.

Abstract [sv]

Sfinkterbristningar, dvs. bristningar som omfattar delar av eller hela den anala slutmuskeln, som uppstår i samband med förlossning kan medföra långvariga fysiska och psykiska besvär, vilket i sin tur kan påverka kvinnors sexuella och reproduktiva hälsa. I Sverige drabbas årligen omkring 2500 kvinnor av denna typ av bristning. Trots detta är kunskapen om kvinnors hälsa mer än ett år efter förlossningen fortfarande begränsad, särskilt i en svensk kontext. Vid denna tidpunkt rapporterar ungefär en tredjedel av de kvinnor som drabbats kvarstående komplikationer och uttrycker missnöje med den vård de fått efter förlossningen. Detta missnöje kopplas ofta till bristande tillgång till information och uppföljande vård. Svenska hälso- och sjukvårdsrapporter har uppmärksammat behovet av att stärka eftervården, som i dagsläget till stor del baseras på klinisk erfarenhet snarare än på systematisk och evidensbaserad forskning. Den forskning som finns om hälsorelaterad livskvalitet efter sfinkterbristningar är begränsad och fokuserar främst på analinkontinens. Andra viktiga aspekter av kvinnors välbefinnande och vardagsliv beaktas sällan. Dessutom är kunskapen om hur dessa bristningar påverkar kvinnors arbetsliv och deltagande på arbetsmarknaden fortfarande otillräcklig, särskilt ur ett genusperspektiv. Det finns därför ett tydligt behov av att fördjupa förståelsen för de långsiktiga konsekvenserna av sfinkterbristningar – inte bara för kvinnors hälsa och livskvalitet, utan även för deras möjligheter att utöva sitt yrke och engagera sig i samhällslivet. Ett genusmedvetet perspektiv är centralt för att synliggöra och problematisera dessa frågor.

Det övergripande syftet med denna avhandling är att undersöka de långsiktiga konsekvenserna av sfinkterbristningar för kvinnor i Sverige, med fokus på tiden mer än ett år efter förlossningen. Studierna avser att belysa hur dessa skador påverkar kvinnors hälsorelaterade livskvalitet, deras kontakt med hälso- och sjukvården samt deras deltagande i arbetslivet. Avhandlingen bygger på fyra delstudier: två kvantitativa tvärsnittsstudier och två kvalitativa intervjustudier. Deltagarna rekryterades via ett bekvämlighetsbaserat och ändamålsenligt urval, främst genom sociala medier, bloggar, intressegrupper och patientorganisationer med koppling till förlossningsbristningar. Datainsamlingen genomfördes dels via en web-baserad enkät distribuerad via REDCap®, dels genom individuella intervjuer. Enkäten innehöll validerade instrument för att mäta hälsorelaterad livskvalitet, bäckenbottenfunktion, sexuell funktion samt arbetsförmåga. De kvantitativa data analyserades med deskriptiv statistik och inferensstatistik, inklusive linjära och logistiska regressionsmodeller. Kvalitativa data analyserades med hjälp av kvalitativ innehållsanalys respektive grundad teori. De kvantitativa tvärsnittsundersökningarna inkluderade 197 respektive 221 kvinnor. Urvalet i de kvalitativa studierna omfattade 10 respektive 12 kvinnor.

Avhandlingens huvudsakliga resultat bygger vidare på och utvecklar begreppet ”OASIS-syndromet”, som myntades av Keighley et al. år 2016. I denna avhandling introduceras ”SPT-syndromet” som ett komplext, långvarigt och socialt konstruerat syndrom inom och bortom ramen för kvinnors sexuella och reproduktiva hälsa. Syndromet kännetecknas av att vara förbisedd i vården och samhället, och omfattar sex sammanhängande dimensioner: fysisk, psykologisk, emotionell, sexuell, social och yrkesmässig. Dessa dimensioner har identifierats genom både kvantitativa data och kvalitativa berättelser från kvinnor som upplevt sfinkterbristningar vid förlossning. Ett centralt fynd är att kvinnor med sfinkterbristningar rapporterade avsevärt sämre fysisk och psykisk hälsa jämfört med den generella kvinnliga befolkningen i Sverige. Två tredjedelar av deltagarna uppgav att de har problem med sexuell funktion, och en tredjedel rapporterade nedsatt arbetsförmåga. Resultaten visar att även om viss förbättring i hälsa kan observeras över tid (8–10 år efter förlossningen), kvarstår betydande utmaningar för vissa kvinnor vad gäller tillgång till hälso- och sjukvård, rehabilitering och stöd i arbetslivet. SPT-syndromet är djupt förankrat i ett könat sociokulturellt sammanhang där könsrelaterad objektifiering och normalisering av besvär efter sfinkterbristningar bidrar till att kvinnors erfarenheter förbises. Det är viktigt att understryka att SPT-syndromet inte bör betraktas som ett permanent medicinskt tillstånd. Tvärtom visar resultaten att det finns potential för återhämtning och förbättring, förutsatt att adekvat stöd och vård erbjuds.

Denna avhandling bidrar med nya och viktiga insikter om de långsiktiga konsekvenserna av sfinkterbristningar, särskilt vad gäller påverkan på kvinnors livskvalitet och arbetsförmåga. Det är den första avhandlingen som systematiskt undersöker den yrkesmässiga dimensionen efter sfinkterbristningar, och visar hur syndromet – som innefattar fysiska, psykologiska, emotionella, sexuella, sociala och yrkesmässiga dimensioner – kan försämra kvinnors förmåga att arbeta och leda till att symtom döljs i arbetslivet. Resultaten belyser flera strukturella utmaningar, såsom begränsad tillgång till vård, upplevelser av negligering inom vården och en normalisering av kvinnors besvär efter sfinkterbristningar. För att möta dessa utmaningar krävs långsiktig uppföljning, multidisciplinär vård och kvinnocentrerade arbetssätt. Inom arbetslivet bör arbetsgivare uppmuntra öppenhet kring hälsa och skapa förutsättningar för att kvinnor ska kunna vara öppna med sina behov utan rädsla för stigma. På samhällsnivå riskerar den totala bördan av sfinkterbristningar att osynliggöras av föräldraledighetspolicyn. Denna policy kan utnyttjas för att hantera hälsoproblem och reducera arbetstiden när ingen annan hjälp hittas, vilket kan leda till minskad produktivitet, personliga ekonomiska förluster och ökade samhällskostnader.

Avhandlingen föreslår flera policyrekommendationer:

  • Förlängda uppföljningsperioder med hjälp av fler validerade instrument via nationella register för att bättre fånga långsiktiga hälsoutfall.
  • Stärkt kompetens inom primärvården kring bäckenbottendysfunktion.
  • Förbättrade remissvägar till specialistvård, även för besvär flera år senare.
  • Främjande av traumainformerade arbetsmiljöer som erbjuder förståelse för, stöd och flexibilitet till drabbade kvinnor.

För att bryta tystnaden kring sfinkterbristningar är det avgörande att integrera frågan i den offentliga debatten. Detta kan bidra till att synliggöra och validera kvinnors erfarenheter, minska tabun och främja en mer jämlik och inkluderande vård och arbetsmiljö.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Umeå: Umeå University, 2025. , p. 118
Series
Umeå University medical dissertations, ISSN 0346-6612 ; 2381
Keywords [en]
Severe perineal trauma, long-term consequences, health-related quality of life, healthcare contacts, working life, midwifery, woman-centred care, feminist theory, regression models, qualitative content analysis, grounded theory.
Keywords [sv]
Sfinkterbristningar, långsiktiga konsekvenser, hälsorelaterad livskvalitet, kontakter med hälso- och sjukvården, arbetsliv, barnmorska, kvinnocentrerad vård, feministisk teori, regressionsmodeller, kvalitativ innehållsanalys, grundad teori.
National Category
Nursing
Research subject
Obstetrics and Gynaecology; Caring Sciences
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-245941ISBN: 978-91-8070-821-0 (print)ISBN: 978-91-8070-822-7 (electronic)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:umu-245941DiVA, id: diva2:2009580
Public defence
2025-11-21, Aula Biologica, Biologihuset, Umeå, 09:00 (Swedish)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2025-10-31 Created: 2025-10-28 Last updated: 2025-11-05Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Beyond the physical: exploring the complexities of women’s health after severe perineal trauma: a cross-sectional study on predictors of health-related quality of life in Sweden
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Beyond the physical: exploring the complexities of women’s health after severe perineal trauma: a cross-sectional study on predictors of health-related quality of life in Sweden
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
National Category
Nursing
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-245939 (URN)
Available from: 2025-10-28 Created: 2025-10-28 Last updated: 2025-10-28Bibliographically approved
2. Overlooked by the obstetric gaze - how women with persistent health problems due to severe perineal trauma experience encounters with healthcare services: a qualitative study
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Overlooked by the obstetric gaze - how women with persistent health problems due to severe perineal trauma experience encounters with healthcare services: a qualitative study
2024 (English)In: BMC Health Services Research, E-ISSN 1472-6963, Vol. 24, no 1, article id 610Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

BACKGROUND: During the first year postpartum, about 25 per cent of Swedish women with severe perineal trauma (SPT), i.e., a third- or fourth-degree perineal laceration at childbirth, are unsatisfied with their healthcare contacts. Further, there is a lack of research on the more long-term experiences of healthcare encounters among women with persistent SPT-related health problems. This study explores how women with self-reported persistent SPT-related health problems experience their contact with healthcare services 18 months to five years after childbirth when the SPT occurred.

METHODS: In this descriptive qualitative study, a purposive sample of twelve women with self-reported persistent health problems after SPT were individually interviewed from November 2020 - February 2022. The data was analysed using inductive qualitative content analysis.

RESULTS: Our results showed a paradoxical situation for women with persistent health problems due to SPT. They struggled with their traumatised body, but healthcare professionals rejected their health problems as postpartum normalities. This paradox highlighted the women's difficulties in accessing postpartum healthcare, rehabilitation, and sick leave, which left them with neglected healthcare needs, diminished emotional well-being, and loss of financial and social status. Our results indicated that these health problems did not diminish over time. Consequently, the women had to search relentlessly for a 'key person' in healthcare who acknowledged their persistent problems as legitimate to access needed care, rehabilitation, and sick leave, thus feeling empowered.

CONCLUSIONS: Our study revealed that women with persistent SPT-related health problems experienced complex health challenges. Additionally, their needs for medical care, rehabilitation, and sick leave were largely neglected. Thus, the study highlights an inequitable provision of SPT-related healthcare services in Sweden, including regional disparities in access to care. Hence, the authors suggest that Swedish national guidelines for SPT-related care need to be developed and implemented, applying a woman-centered approach, to ensure equitable, effective, and accessible healthcare.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
BioMed Central (BMC), 2024
Keywords
Access to care, Empowerment, Healthcare encounters, Key person, Normalisation, Persistent health problems, Postpartum healthcare, Qualitative content analysis, Severe perineal trauma
National Category
Nursing
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-224330 (URN)10.1186/s12913-024-11037-5 (DOI)001219637700002 ()38724992 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85192535018 (Scopus ID)
Available from: 2024-05-14 Created: 2024-05-14 Last updated: 2025-10-28Bibliographically approved
3. Postpartum work ability among women with severe perineal trauma at childbirth: a cross-sectional study in Sweden
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Postpartum work ability among women with severe perineal trauma at childbirth: a cross-sectional study in Sweden
Show others...
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
National Category
Nursing
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-245938 (URN)
Available from: 2025-10-28 Created: 2025-10-28 Last updated: 2025-10-28Bibliographically approved
4. Negotiating the ambiguity of an (in)authentic working life: a grounded theory study into severe perineal trauma
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Negotiating the ambiguity of an (in)authentic working life: a grounded theory study into severe perineal trauma
2023 (English)In: BMC Women's Health, E-ISSN 1472-6874, Vol. 23, no 1, article id 47Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Background: In Sweden, persistent physical and psychological health problems occur in about three in ten women who sustain severe perineal trauma (SPT) during childbirth. As most Swedish women work outside the home, the question of if and how SPT-related morbidity influences working life needs exploration. This study aims to qualitatively explore how women with persistent SPT-related morbidities experience and conceptualise their problems concerning working life. Further, we theorise the findings by applying Simone de Beauvoir’s feminist framework of immanence and transcendence as well as authentic and inauthentic life.

Methods: Ten interviews with women recruited via a Swedish social media community for perineal trauma were analysed according to Charmaz’s constructivist approach to grounded theory.

Results: The theoretical model and related core category ‘Negotiating the ambiguity of an (in)authentic working life’ reflected the women’s negotiations of immanence as ‘the silent covert object’ versus transcendence as the ‘the resourceful overt subject’. The model also mirrored the conflict of (in)authenticity in working life. An inauthentic working life was experienced when women were denied their subjectivity at work or constructed themselves as subjects in denial of their SPT. On the other hand, women who acknowledged their SPT and were constructed as subjects by ‘others’ achieved an authentic working life despite SPT.

Conclusions: The conflicting gendered process of ‘the silent covert object’ versus ‘the resourceful overt subject’ problematised women’s vulnerability at work. Aspects that enable subjectification and transcendence are essential for policymakers, employers, healthcare services, and society to eradicate the taboo of SPT and create a working environment characterised by understanding, support, and flexibility. Further, access to adequate care, sick leave, and occupational rehabilitation are essential. Such measures support transcendence towards an authentic working life and, consequently, a more gender-equal working environment that does not deprive women of career opportunities due to a physical ailment.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
BioMed Central (BMC), 2023
Keywords
Severe perineal trauma, Maternal morbidity, Workability, Gounded theory, Gender theory, Simone de Beauvoir, Immanence, Transcendence
National Category
Nursing
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-204699 (URN)10.1186/s12905-023-02191-9 (DOI)000928604300001 ()36750837 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85147562489 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Umeå University
Available from: 2023-02-10 Created: 2023-02-10 Last updated: 2025-10-28Bibliographically approved

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