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Alcohol consumption and social media use: connections and the pressure to trend among university students in Uganda
Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Global Health.
2025 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)Alternative title
Alkoholkonsumtion och användning av sociala medier : om samband och trycket att följa trender bland universitetsstudenter i Uganda (Swedish)
Abstract [en]

Background: Alcohol consumption contributes substantially to the global burden of disease, with a particularly high impact among young people and the low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Social media is an evolving communication platform globally used, by particularly young people, to generate, share, and consume content, including texts, pictures, and videos. Besides its benefits, social media can be linked to addictive behaviours, and substances use such as alcohol consumption. A significant gap in the current evidence on alcohol consumption and social media connections is the limited research from LMICs such as Uganda. The main aim of this thesis is to contribute to the understanding of the connections between social media and alcohol consumption among university students in Uganda in order to advance the evidence necessary to inform relevant alcohol control interventions.

Methods: This thesis is based on two sub-studies using quantitative and qualitative methods among undergraduate students at Makerere University resulting in three papers (1-3). In Sub-study I, data on exposure to social media, including alcohol advertising, and alcohol use was collected using a questionnaire among 996 students. Multinomial logistic regression was used to assess the associations (Paper1 and 2). In sub-study II, the qualitative data was collected using semi-structured interviews with 19 students (10 men, 9 women). The content analysis approach was used to analyse the data on student perceptions and experiences on the connections between social media use and alcohol consumptions (Paper3).

Results: Almost four in ten (39%) students reported having used alcohol in the previous year, and almost all (97%) had used social media. Alcohol consumption, especially regular drinking, was associated with both moderate (OR=2.22, 95% CI:1.35-3.66) and high (OR=2.45, 95% CI: 1.43–4.20) levels of general social media use. In addition, alcohol consumption was associated with alcohol-related social media engagement (OR=6.46, 95% CI: 4.04 –10.30) and alcohol-related lurking (OR=4.59, 95% CI: 2.84 – 7.39) (paper 1). Regarding exposure to alcohol adverts on social media (paper 2), most students (70.1%) reported low exposure. However, high exposure to social media was related to hazardous drinking (OR = 12.62, 95% CI: 4.43–35.96) and low-risk drinking (OR = 3.70, 95% CI: 1.88–7.27). These together suggest a dose-response relationship. In paper 3, social media and alcohol consumption by university students were perceived to be connected through ‘the pressure to trend to fit in’ theme presented in two categories: ‘drinking and posting to belong’, and ‘students as marketing targets and agents’. Under the first category ‘drinking and posting to belong’, a posting culture was believed to normalise alcohol content including hazardous drinking experiences circulated on social media. The posting culture was also perceived as a factor that created a mental health challenge that possibly contributed to alcohol drinking as a coping strategy. The ‘students as marketing targets and agents’ category highlights students as indirect and direct alcohol marketing audience and agents. The students revealed engagement strategies by alcohol companies that span contractual arrangements to event sponsorship tactics that appealed to student aspirations and adventure lifestyles.

Conclusion: This thesis revealed that the use of social media, including exposure to alcohol adverts on social media was related with alcohol consumption in a dose–response pattern. The qualitative analysis highlighted how a pressure to fit in within a posting and trending culture on social media that university students navigated, was perceived to perpetuate alcohol drinking as well as provoke poor mental health among students. The alcohol industry directly and indirectly engaged students on social media and through offline activities that created alcohol content for social media. By combining quantitative and qualitative methods, this thesis provides context-specific evidence from Uganda, a low-and middle-income country, offering an understanding of how social media dynamics intersect with alcohol consumption by university students. This contribution is particularly significant given the limited research from LMICs, and it highlights the need to consider social media environments and related culture in the design of interventions targeting alcohol consumption among students. The results may inform alcohol control interventions including regulations for students at Makerere university and similar settings.

Abstract [sv]

Bakgrund: Alkoholkonsumtion bidrar i hög grad till den globala sjukdomsbördan, särskilt bland unga människor och i låg- och medelinkomstländer (LMICs). Sociala medier är en växande kommunikationsplattform som används över hela världen, i synnerhet av unga, för att skapa, dela och konsumera innehåll i form av texter, bilder och videor. Förutom sina fördelar kan sociala medier kopplas till beroendebeteenden och användning av olika substanser, såsom alkoholkonsumtion. En betydande brist i den nuvarande forskningen om sambandet mellan alkoholkonsumtion och sociala medier är den begränsade mängden studier från LMICs, såsom Uganda. Huvudsyftet med denna avhandling var att bidra till ökad förståelse av sambanden mellan sociala medier och alkoholkonsumtion bland universitetsstudenter i Uganda, i syfte att stärka det kunskapsunderlag som krävs för relevanta alkoholpreventiva insatser.

Metoder: Avhandlingen bygger på två delstudier med kvantitativa och kvalitativa metoder bland grundutbildningsstudenter vid Makerere University, vilket resulterade i tre vetenskapliga artiklar (1–3). I delstudie I samlades data in via en enkät bland 996 studenter om exponering för sociala medier, inklusive alkoholreklam, och alkoholanvändning. Multinomial logistisk regression användes för att undersöka sambanden (artikel 1 och 2). I delstudie II samlades kvalitativa data in genom semistrukturerade intervjuer med 19 studenter (10 män, 9 kvinnor). En innehållsanalytisk ansats användes för att analysera studenternas uppfattningar och erfarenheter av sambanden mellan användning av sociala medier och alkoholkonsumtion (artikel 3).

Resultat: Nästan fyra av tio (39 %) studenter uppgav att de hade druckit alkohol under det senaste året, och nästan alla (97 %) använde sociala medier. Alkoholkonsumtion, särskilt regelbundet drickande, var associerad med både måttlig (OR = 2,22; 95 % CI: 1,35–3,66) och hög (OR = 2,45; 95 % CI: 1,43–4,20) användning av sociala medier generellt. Dessutom var alkoholkonsumtion kopplad till alkoholrelaterad aktivitet på sociala medier (OR = 6,46; 95 % CI: 4,04–10,30) och till alkoholrelaterad passiv konsumtion (“lurking”) (OR = 4,59; 95 % CI: 2,84–7,39) (artikel 1). När det gällde exponering för alkoholreklam på sociala medier (artikel 2) rapporterade de flesta studenter (70,1 %) låg exponering. Hög exponering för sociala medier var dock kopplad till både riskfylld (OR = 12,62; 95 % CI: 4,43–35,96) och låg-riskviialkoholkonsumtion (OR = 3,70; 95 % CI: 1,88–7,27). Tillsammans indikerar resultaten ett dos–responsförhållande.I artikel 3 framkom att sociala medier och alkoholkonsumtion bland universitetsstudenter uppfattades hänga samman genom temat “pressen att trenda för att passa in”, vilket presenterades i två kategorier: “dricka och posta för att höra till” samt “studenter som marknadsföringsmål och -agenter”. Under den första kategorin beskrevs en “postningskultur” som normaliserar alkoholrelaterat innehåll, inklusive riskfyllt drickande som sprids på sociala medier. Denna kultur uppfattades även bidra till psykisk ohälsa och till alkoholkonsumtion som en möjlig copingstrategi. Kategorin “studenter som marknadsföringsmål och -agenter” belyser hur studenter både fungerar som publik och som aktiva aktörer i alkoholmarknadsföring. De beskrev strategier från alkoholindustrin som innefattade allt från kontraktsavtal till sponsring av evenemang som lockade till sig studenter genom att spela på deras ambitioner och äventyrslystnad.

Slutsats: Denna avhandling visade att användningen av sociala medier, inklusive exponering för alkoholreklam på dessa plattformar, var relaterad till alkoholkonsumtion i ett dos-responsmönster. Den kvalitativa analysen lyfte fram hur pressen att passa in i en “postnings- och trendkultur” på sociala medier uppfattades bidra till alkoholkonsumtion samt till psykisk ohälsa bland studenter. Alkoholindustrin engagerade studenter både direkt och indirekt på sociala medier och genom aktiviteter offline som skapade alkoholinnehåll för sociala medier. Genom att kombinera kvantitativa och kvalitativa metoder bidrar denna avhandling med kontextspecifik kunskap från Uganda, ett låg- och medelinkomstland, och erbjuder en förståelse för hur dynamiken på sociala medier samspelar med universitetsstudenters alkoholkonsumtion. Bidraget är särskilt betydelsefullt med tanke på bristen på forskning från LMICs och understryker vikten av att beakta sociala mediers miljöer och kulturer vid utformningen av interventioner riktade mot alkoholkonsumtion bland studenter. Resultaten kan bidra till att utforma alkoholpreventiva insatser och regler för studenter vid Makerere University och liknande miljöer.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Umeå: Umeå University, 2025. , p. 75
Series
Umeå University medical dissertations, ISSN 0346-6612 ; 2397
Keywords [en]
Social media, alcohol, students, university, Uganda, peer pressure, trending, posting culture
Keywords [sv]
Sociala medier, alkohol, studenter, universitet, Uganda, grupptryck, trender, postningskultur
National Category
Social Work Public Health, Global Health and Social Medicine
Research subject
Epidemiology; Public health
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-246410ISBN: 978-91-8070-859-3 (print)ISBN: 978-91-8070-860-9 (electronic)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:umu-246410DiVA, id: diva2:2014313
Public defence
2025-12-15, Alicante room, By 5B, plan 4, Epidemiologi och global hälsa, Umeå, 09:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
Familjen Erling-Perssons StiftelseAvailable from: 2025-11-24 Created: 2025-11-17 Last updated: 2025-11-18Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Social media use and alcohol consumption among students in Uganda: a cross sectional study
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Social media use and alcohol consumption among students in Uganda: a cross sectional study
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2022 (English)In: Global Health Action, ISSN 1654-9716, E-ISSN 1654-9880, Vol. 15, no 1, article id 2131213Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

BACKGROUND: Globally, alcohol use significantly contributes to the disease burden. Alcohol consumption in Uganda is related to several health consequences among young people, including university students. Social media is commonly used by students to share academic information and create social networks. Among young people in high-income countries, previous studies have also shown that social media use can have negative health outcomes related to alcohol use, and associated problems. To date, similar studies conducted in low- and middle-income countries are largely missing.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence of and associations between social media use and alcohol consumption among university students in Uganda.

METHOD: This was a cross-sectional study among 996 undergraduate students at Makerere University. Data were collected using a questionnaire. Alcohol use in the previous 12 months was the dependent variable. The independent variable was social media use categorised as general use, alcohol-related use, and social media lurking/passive participation. Multinomial logistic regression was used to assess associations. Crude and adjusted odds ratios were reported.

RESULTS: Nearly all students (97%) used social media and 39% reported alcohol use. Regular alcohol use was significantly associated with moderate (OR = 2.22, CI: 1.35-3.66) and high level general social media use (OR = 2.45, CI: 1.43-4.20). Regular alcohol use was also associated with alcohol-related social media (OR = 6.46, CI: 4.04-10.30), and alcohol-related lurking (OR = 4.59, CI: 2.84-7.39). Similar, although weaker associations were identified for occasional alcohol use.

CONCLUSIONS: Approximately four in ten students reported alcohol use in the past year, and almost all students used social media. Alcohol-related social media use was associated with occasional and regular alcohol use, with stronger associations for regular use. These findings may guide further research and present an opportunity for potential alcohol control interventions to improve health among young populations in low- and middle-income countries.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Taylor & Francis, 2022
Keywords
alcohol, lurking, Social media, Uganda, university students
National Category
Public Health, Global Health and Social Medicine
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-200571 (URN)10.1080/16549716.2022.2131213 (DOI)000868186800001 ()36239970 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85139885587 (Scopus ID)
Available from: 2022-10-27 Created: 2022-10-27 Last updated: 2025-11-17Bibliographically approved
2. Exploring links - Exposure to alcohol adverts on social media in relation to alcohol use among university students in Uganda
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Exploring links - Exposure to alcohol adverts on social media in relation to alcohol use among university students in Uganda
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2025 (English)In: Alcohol and Alcoholism, ISSN 0735-0414, E-ISSN 1464-3502, Vol. 60, no 1, article id agae081Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Aim: This study assessed the association between exposure to alcohol adverts on social media and alcohol use among university students in Uganda since alcohol consumption has severe effects, especially in countries with weak regulations for alcohol marketing.

Methods: In total, 996 undergraduate students at Makerere University responded to a questionnaire assessing exposure to alcohol advertising on social media (independent variable) and alcohol use (dependent variable). Adjusted multinomial logistic regression was used to analyse data.

Results: One in ten students reported hazardous drinking, while three in ten students were low-risk drinkers. Most students (70.1%) reported low exposure to alcohol adverts on social media, followed by high exposure (12.1%), and 17.8% reported no exposure. A key finding was that exposure to alcohol adverts on social media was significantly associated with alcohol use, especially the high exposure and hazardous drinking (odds ratio = 12.62, 95% confidence interval: 4.43-35.96). Students reporting high exposure to alcohol adverts on social media also had higher odds of low-risk drinking (odds ratio = 3.70, 95% confidence interval: 1.88-7.27) than those with low exposure (odds ratio = 1.77, 95% confidence interval: 1.09-2.87), in reference to no exposure.

Conclusion: Among Ugandan university students, exposure to alcohol adverts on social media is common and associated with alcohol use, in a dose-response manner. These findings suggest a need for a design and implementation of alcohol interventions for students using social media.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Oxford University Press, 2025
Keywords
alcohol advert, alcohol marketing, alcohol use, social media, Uganda, university students
National Category
Drug Abuse and Addiction Public Health, Global Health and Social Medicine Media and Communications
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-236020 (URN)10.1093/alcalc/agae081 (DOI)001373042800001 ()39656669 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85216204524 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Familjen Erling-Perssons Stiftelse
Available from: 2025-03-07 Created: 2025-03-07 Last updated: 2025-11-17Bibliographically approved
3. A pressure to fit in: perceptions on links between social media and alcohol use among Ugandan university students
Open this publication in new window or tab >>A pressure to fit in: perceptions on links between social media and alcohol use among Ugandan university students
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Background: Previous research shows that alcohol and social media use among young people can be associated. However, such evidence is lacking from low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) which also have limited regulations and an expanding alcohol market. In addition, the majority of current studies have used quantitative methods, highlighting the need not only for similar studies in LMICs, but also for qualitative perspectives on the links between social media use and alcohol consumption among young people. Our study explored perceptions on social media-alcohol links among university students in Uganda.

Methods: We conducted 19 (ten males, nine females) semi-structured interviews among undergraduate students at Makerere University – the oldest and largest in Uganda. The participants included students who: used social media; did not use social media; used alcohol; and those who did not use alcohol. All interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, and exported to Atlas ti software for coding. The data were analysed using the Graneheim and Lundman’s (2020) content analysis approach.

Results: The results were summarised under two categories: the ‘drinking and posting to belong’ category with two sub-categories named ‘drinking to fit in’; and ‘the posting culture’ which describe alcohol photos as triggers; student drinking being normalized in memes and social media over use as well as poor mental health and alcohol nexus. The ‘influence of alcohol marketing’ category has three sub-categories: engaging and catchy adverts; students as (in)direct marketing agents; and the increased brand and group drinking. Alcohol companies employed strategies such as partnership with influencers (including students), sponsored events, and giveaways to encourage students to create social media content featuring their brands.

Conclusion: University students perceived that their peers frequently consumed alcohol and posted about their drinking experiences on social media in order to fit in. The engagement with alcohol companies alongside a posting culture were believed to initiate and continue alcohol consumption, including hazardous drinking among students, because of a pressure to fit in with the perceived trends at the university.

Keywords
alcohol use, social media, university students, low- and 28 middle-income country, qualitative, Uganda.
National Category
Other Medical Sciences
Research subject
Public health; Epidemiology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-246411 (URN)
Available from: 2025-11-14 Created: 2025-11-14 Last updated: 2025-11-17Bibliographically approved

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Atusingwize, Edwinah

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67891011129 of 12
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