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New approaches to synthesis and binding elucidation of hydrophilic molecularly imprinted monoliths
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-8883-607x
2026 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)Alternative title
Nya tillvägagångssätt för syntes och utvärdering av bindningsmekanismer hos hydrofila molekylärt präglade monoliter (Swedish)
Abstract [en]

The demands in clinical, food, and environmental sciences are growing rapidly. Molecular imprinting technology must therefore be developed to handle increasingly complex sensing, purification, and separation tasks. The key to success in this area lies in (i) producing the materials with appropriate morphology and surface chemistry, as well as (ii) using the right tools to elucidate their binding mechanisms.

The thesis focuses on designing, manufacturing, characterizing, and evaluating monolithic scaffolds to use as molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) targeting hydrophilic analytes in aqueous media. 

Paper I presents the manufacturing procedure of monolithic MIP using step-growth polymerization of melamine and formaldehyde. A terminally functionalized block copolymer is synthesized and used as an imprinting template and porogen simultaneously. The use of the prepared MIP monolith in liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectroscopy, combined with multivariate data analysis and modeling, demonstrated the ability to selectively target desired analytes, in this case, phosphopeptides from a digest of twelve proteins. 

The synthesis procedure of melamine-based monolithic MIPs was further tuned to manufacture affinity materials targeted at compounds with glycan (sialyllactose) and herbicides (glyphosate) motifs. The temperature of polymerization not only influenced the binding capacity but also impacted the morphology of the monolith backbone. The cauliflower-like topology, formed by thermal polymerization, was changed to spaghetti-like features when a freeze-thaw polymerization process was used. In addition to the bound-free isotherm method for capacity evaluation, the interaction pattern and orientation of the targeted analytes with the monolithic MIPs were probed at the molecular scale by spectroscopic approaches, such as liquid phase NMR combined with solid-state STD NMR in Paper II and Paper IV, and liquid phase NMR as well as FTIR in Paper III

Abstract [sv]

Molekylär imprinting är en teknik som fortsätter att utvecklas för att tillgodose allt mer komplexa krav inom många områden, såsom molekylärvetenskap, livsmedelsindustrin, miljöövervakning och medicin för olika syften, exempelvis provförberedelse, sensorer, samt separation och rening. Nyckeln till framgång ligger i (i) att producera material med lämplig morfologi och ytkemi samt (ii) att använda rätt verktyg för att kartlägga deras bindningsmekanismer. 

Avhandlingen beskriver strukturerade studier som utförts för att designa och testa monolitiska molekylärt imprinterade polymerer (MIPs) för bindning av hydrofila föreningar i vattenlösning. 

I Artikel I tillverkades en monolitisk MIP genom stegpolymerisation med melamin och formaldehyd som monomersystem och en in-house modifierad block sampolymer som funktionaliserats terminalt med fosfatgrupper för att fungera både som mall för imprinting av fosforylerade föreningen och som porbildningsagent vid polymerisationen. Användningen av molekylärt imprintade monoliter i vätskekromatografi med masspektrometrisk detektion, kopplat till multivariat dataanalys och modellering visade sig ha förmåga att selektivt a nrika önskade analyter, i detta fall fosforylerade peptider från ett digest av tolv olika proteiner. 

Syntesproceduren för melaminbaserade monolitiska MIPs förfinades ytterligare för att tillverka affinitetsmaterial riktade mot sialylterminerade glykaner som kan fungera som biomarkörer för cancer, samt mot herbiciden glyfosat. Polymeriseringstemperaturen påverkade inte bara de imprintade monoliternas bindningskapacitet, utan även deras morfologi. Den blomkål-liknande topologin som bildades vid termisk polymerisering, ändrades till en spagetti-liknande form när polymeriseringen ägde rum under fryspunkten för vatten, som utgjorde ett av lösningsmedlen i reaktionen. Utöver utvärdering av materialens kapacitet genom sorptionsisotermer för bundna och fria analyter, undersöktes även interaktioner mellan analyter och de imprintade monoliterna liksom orientering avde intermolekylära växelverkningarna på molekylnivå med spektroskopiska metoder, såsom NMR i vätskefas kombinerat med fast-fas STD NMR i Artikel II och Artikel IV, samt vätskefas NMR och FTIR i Artikel III

Abstract [vi]

Nhu cầu phân tích mẫu trong các lĩnh vực khoa học lâm sàng, thực phẩm và môi trường đang gia tăng nhanh chóng. Do đó, công nghệ in dấu phân tử (molecular imprint) cần phải được nghiên cứu và phát triển để đáp ứng được yêu cầu ngày càng nghiêm ngặt và phức tạp trong quá trình tinh chế và phân tách cũng như việc ứng dụng trong cảm biến các chất phân tích. Chìa khóa của sự thành công trong lĩnh vực này dựa vào việc (i) tổng hợp các vật liệu có hình thái và tính chất hóa học bề mặt phù hợp, cũng như (ii) sử dụng các phương pháp phân tích để làm rõ cơ chế liên kết ở cấp độ phân tử.

Luận án này tập trung vào việc nghiên cứu, thiết kế, tổng hợp và đánh giá tính chất của những vật liệu nguyên khối để sử dụng làm polyme in dấu phân tử (Molecularly Imprinted Polymer, MIP) dành cho các chất phân tích ưa nước trong môi trường nước.

Bài báo I trình bày quy trình tổng hợp MIP nguyên khối sử dụng phương pháp trùng hợp từng bậc giữa melamine và formaldehyde, dùng làm vật liệu pha tĩnh trong trong cột sắc ký mao quản. Pluronics, polyme đồng trùng hợp, chứa nhóm chức phosphat ở đầu mạch đã được tổng hợp và sử dụng đồng thời làm khuôn in dấu (template) và chất tạo lỗ xốp (porogen). Cột sắc ký mao quản được kết nối với đầu dò khối phổ nhiều lần (LC-MS/MS), kết hợp với phương pháp mô hình hóa và phân tích dữ liệu đa biến, đã chứng minh được khả năng bắt giữ chọn lọc của vật liệu MIP đối các chất phân tích mong muốn, trong trường hợp này là các phosphopeptide từ hỗn hợp thủy phân của mười hai loại protein.

Quy trình tổng hợp các MIP nguyên khối chứa melamine tiếp tục được tinh chỉnh để tạo ra các pha tĩnh chọn lọc nhắm đến các hợp chất có cấu trúc đặc trưng của glycan, ví dụ sialyllactose, và thuốc diệt cỏ, ví dụ glyphosate. Nhiệt độ của phản ứng trùng hợp không chỉ ảnh hưởng đến dung lượng hấp phụ của vật liệu mà còn thay đổi hoàn toàn hình thái của polyme. Cấu trúc liên kết dạng súp lơ (cauliflower-like topology), được hình thành trong quá trình trùng hợp tại nhiệt độ cao, đã biến đổi thành cấu trúc dạng sợi (spaghetti-like topology) khi áp dụng quy trình trùng hợp tại nhiệt độ âm. Bên cạnh phương pháp hấp phụ đẳng nhiệt để đánh giá dung lượng, bản chất tương tác và liên kết định hướng của các chất phân tích đối với vật chọn lọc đã được khảo sát ở cấp độ phân tử bằng các phương pháp quang phổ. Cụ thể, phổ cộng hưởng từ hạt nhân (NMR) pha lỏng kết hợp với phổ chênh lệch chuyển bão hòa (Saturation Transfer Diference) ở trạng thái rắn được sử dụng trong Bài báo IIBài báo IV, cùng với phổ cộng hưởng từ hạt nhân pha lỏng và phổ hồng ngoại biến đổi Fourier (FTIR) được sử dụng trong Bài báo III.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Umeå: Umeå University, 2026. , p. 56
Keywords [en]
monolithic sorbents, molecularly imprinted polymer, step-growth polymerization, cryo-polymerization, freeze-thaw processes, nuclear magnetic resonance, saturation-transfer difference, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, projection to latent structures, melamine, Pluronics, polypeptides, sialyllactose, glyphosate
Keywords [vi]
chất hấp phụ nguyên khối, polyme in dấu phân tử, trùng hợp từng bậc, trùng hợp đông lạnh, quá trình đông-rã đông, cộng hưởng từhạt nhân, chênh lệch chuyển bão hòa, quang phổ hồng ngoại biến đổi Fourier, phép chiếu các cấu trúc tiềm ẩn, melamine, Pluronics, polypeptide, sialyllactose, glyphossate
Keywords [sv]
monolitiska sorbenter, molekylärt imprinterade polymerer, stegvis polymerisering, kryo-polymerisering, kärnmagnetisk resonansspektroskopi med skillnad i mättnadsöverföring, Fourier-transform infraröd spektros kopi, projektion till latenta strukturer, melamin, Pluronics, polypeptider, sialyllaktos, glyfosat
National Category
Analytical Chemistry Polymer Chemistry Materials Chemistry
Research subject
Analytical Chemistry; Materials Science
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-252192ISBN: 978-91-6850-001-0 (electronic)ISBN: 978-91-6850-000-3 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:umu-252192DiVA, id: diva2:2053990
Public defence
2026-06-11, NAT.D.470, Naturvetarhuset, Johan Bures väg / Universitetstorget, Umeå University, Umeå, 09:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2026-05-21 Created: 2026-04-19 Last updated: 2026-04-20Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Terminally phosphorylated triblock polyethers acting both as templates and pore-forming agents for surface molecular imprinting of monoliths targeting phosphopeptides
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Terminally phosphorylated triblock polyethers acting both as templates and pore-forming agents for surface molecular imprinting of monoliths targeting phosphopeptides
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2023 (English)In: ACS Omega, E-ISSN 2470-1343, Vol. 8, no 9, p. 8791-8803Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The novel process reported here described the manufacture of monolithic molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) using a terminally functionalized block copolymer as the imprinting template and pore-forming agent. The MIPs were prepared through a step-growth polymerization process using a melamine-formaldehyde precondensate in a biphasic solvent system. Despite having a relatively low imprinting factor, the use of MIP monolith in liquid chromatography demonstrated the ability to selectively target desired analytes. An MIP capillary column was able to separate monophosphorylated peptides from a tryptic digest of bovine serum albumin. Multivariate data analysis and modeling of the phosphorylated and nonphosphorylated peptide retention times revealed that the number of phosphorylations was the strongest retention contributor for peptide retention on the monolithic MIP capillary column.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
American Chemical Society (ACS), 2023
National Category
Analytical Chemistry
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-205479 (URN)10.1021/acsomega.3c00007 (DOI)000946549200001 ()36910939 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85148899091 (Scopus ID)
Funder
EU, Horizon 2020, 722171
Available from: 2023-03-16 Created: 2023-03-16 Last updated: 2026-04-19Bibliographically approved
2. Elucidation of the binding orientation in α2,3- and α2,6-linked neu5ac-gal epitopes toward a hydrophilic molecularly imprinted monolith
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Elucidation of the binding orientation in α2,3- and α2,6-linked neu5ac-gal epitopes toward a hydrophilic molecularly imprinted monolith
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2023 (English)In: ACS Omega, E-ISSN 2470-1343, Vol. 8, no 46, p. 44238-44249Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

N-Acetylneuraminic acid and its α2,3/α2,6-glycosidic linkages with galactose (Neu5Ac-Gal) are major carbohydrate antigen epitopes expressed in various pathological processes, such as cancer, influenza, and SARS-CoV-2. We here report a strategy for the synthesis and binding investigation of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) toward α2,3 and α2,6 conformations of Neu5Ac-Gal antigens. Hydrophilic imprinted monoliths were synthesized from melamine monomer in the presence of four different templates, namely, N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac), N-acetylneuraminic acid methyl ester (Neu5Ac-M), 3′-sialyllactose (3SL), and 6′-sialyllactose (6SL), in a tertiary solvent mixture at temperatures varying from −20 to +80 °C. The MIPs prepared at cryotemperatures showed a preferential affinity for the α2,6 linkage sequence of 6SL, with an imprinting factor of 2.21, whereas the α2,3 linkage sequence of 3SL resulted in nonspecific binding to the polymer scaffold. The preferable affinity for the α2,6 conformation of Neu5Ac-Gal was evident also when challenged by a mixture of other mono- and disaccharides in an aqueous test mixture. The use of saturation transfer difference nuclear magnetic resonance (STD-NMR) on suspensions of crushed monoliths allowed for directional interactions between the α2,3/α2,6 linkage sequences on their corresponding MIPs to be revealed. The Neu5Ac epitope, containing acetyl and polyalcohol moieties, was the major contributor to the sequence recognition for Neu5Ac(α2,6)Gal(β1,4)Glc, whereas contributions from the Gal and Glc segments were substantially lower.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
American Chemical Society (ACS), 2023
National Category
Organic Chemistry
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-217983 (URN)10.1021/acsomega.3c06836 (DOI)001141126800001 ()38027366 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85178321169 (Scopus ID)
Funder
EU, Horizon 2020, H2020EU, Horizon 2020, 722171
Available from: 2023-12-14 Created: 2023-12-14 Last updated: 2026-04-19Bibliographically approved
3. Melamine-based molecularly imprinted monoliths targeting glyphosate in aqueous media: synthesis and binding mechanism elucidation
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Melamine-based molecularly imprinted monoliths targeting glyphosate in aqueous media: synthesis and binding mechanism elucidation
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2025 (English)In: ACS Omega, E-ISSN 2470-1343, Vol. 10, no 22, p. 22412-22425Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Cross-linked melamine imprinted monoliths targeting glyphosate were synthesized using 4-phosphonobutanoic acid (PBA) and N-(phosphonomethyl)iminodiacetic acid (PMIDA) as templates. The binding capacities, evaluated in an aqueous medium, showed that both PMIDA and PBA promoted selective binding sites with imprinting factors of 2.5 and 1.7, respectively. Despite a relatively low imprinting factor, the polymer imprinted with PMIDA showed a noticeably higher binding efficiency in the presence of sodium chloride compared to the nonimprinted reference, demonstrating an ability to selectively target the desired analytes in real sample matrices. Spectroscopic investigations using Fourier transform infrared and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy revealed the formation of “memory pockets” for glyphosate molecules in the imprinted melamine-formaldehyde scaffold promoted by simultaneous contributions from (i) hydrogen bonding with N-H/O-H moieties and (ii) electrostatic interaction toward the triazine ring.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
American Chemical Society (ACS), 2025
Keywords
Catalyst supports, Genetics, Materials, Organophosphorus compounds, Polymers
National Category
Organic Chemistry
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-239424 (URN)10.1021/acsomega.4c06690 (DOI)001494634100001 ()2-s2.0-105005852799 (Scopus ID)
Funder
EU, Horizon 2020, 722171Swedish Research Council, 2020-04853
Available from: 2025-06-02 Created: 2025-06-02 Last updated: 2026-04-19Bibliographically approved
4. Discrimination between sialic acid linkage modes using sialyllactose-imprinted polymers
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Discrimination between sialic acid linkage modes using sialyllactose-imprinted polymers
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2021 (English)In: RSC Advances, E-ISSN 2046-2069, Vol. 11, no 36, p. 22409-22418Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Glycosylation plays an important role in various pathological processes such as cancer. One key alteration in the glycosylation pattern correlated with cancer progression is an increased level as well as changes in the type of sialylation. Developing molecularly-imprinted polymers (MIPs) with high affinity for sialic acid able to distinguish different glycoforms such as sialic acid linkages is an important task which can help in early cancer diagnosis. Sialyllactose with α2,6′vs.α2,3′ sialic acid linkage served as a model trisaccharide template. Boronate chemistry was employed in combination with a library of imidazolium-based monomers targeting the carboxylate group of sialic acid. The influence of counterions of the cationic monomers and template on their interactions was investigated by means of1H NMR titration studies. The highest affinities were afforded using a combination of Br−and Na+counterions of the monomers and template, respectively. The boronate ester formation was confirmed by MS and1H/11B NMR, indicating 1 : 2 stoichiometries between sialyllactoses and boronic acid monomer. Polymers were synthesized in the form of microparticles using boronate and imidazolium monomers. This combinatorial approach afforded MIPs selective for the sialic acid linkages and compatible with an aqueous environment. The molecular recognition properties with respect to saccharide templates and glycosylated targets were reported.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Royal Society of Chemistry, 2021
National Category
Organic Chemistry Biochemistry Molecular Biology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-185760 (URN)10.1039/d1ra02274a (DOI)000667711300053 ()2-s2.0-85108896879 (Scopus ID)
Funder
EU, Horizon 2020, 722171, H2020-MSCA-ITN-2016
Available from: 2021-07-05 Created: 2021-07-05 Last updated: 2026-04-19Bibliographically approved

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Huynh, Chau Minh

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