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Lipoedema: lived experiences, functional performance, and psychological well-being in affected women
Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Dermatology and Venerology.ORCID iD: 0009-0003-9204-1474
2026 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)Alternative title
Lipoödem : levda erfarenheter, funktionsförmåga och psykologiskt välbefinnande hos drabbade kvinnor (Swedish)
Abstract [en]

Background: Lipoedema is a chronic condition that predominantly affects women. It is characterised by an accumulation of adipose tissue in the extremities, accompanied by pain, a sense of heaviness, and easy bruising. Lipoedema does not respond to conventional weight-loss treatments, and no effective treatments are provided through subsidised healthcare. Recognition in healthcare is low, and lipoedema may be misdiagnosed as, for example, obesity. Lipoedema affects individuals through physical alterations which restrict movement and increase pain. Additionally, lipoedema is associated with reduced quality of life, increased risk of depression, and reduced psychological well-being.

Aim: This thesis aimed to explore the lived experiences of women with medically verified lipoedema, including everyday lives and healthcare interactions. We also evaluated muscle strength, physical capacity, body composition, and health-related quality of life in a sample of women with verified lipoedema. In addition, psychological characteristics by perceived stress, anxiety, self-compassion, perfectionism, and impostor phenomenon were assessed.

Methods: This thesis comprises five papers with both qualitative and quantitative approaches. In Paper I, a Priority-Setting Partnership was utilised within a national design to identify research questions prioritised by participants with lived experience of lipoedema and clinicians. Papers II and III were conducted with qualitative methods, collecting data through twelve semi-structured interviews in a sample of women with a verified lipoedema diagnosis. The transcripts of the interviews were analysed using qualitative content analysis to yield both manifest and latent content of data. In Paper IV, data were collected by measuring isometric strength and physical capacity in 18 women with lipoedema and by evaluating body composition using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. In addition, validated questionnaires were used to assess health-related quality of life, alcohol use, and physical activity. In Paper V, psychometric instruments were used in combination with RAND-36 to iiiscreen 18 women with lipoedema for signs of anxiety, stress, impostor phenomenon, perfectionism, self-compassion, and health-related quality of life.

Results: Paper I: Ten questions from a total of 1314 submitted research questions were prioritised by representatives from individuals with lived experiences of lipoedema and clinicians. These ten questions were comprised of two tiers encompassing diagnostic methods, treatments, and treatment outcomes.

Papers II and III: Two themes emerged: “An uncertain uphill battle against a divergent body and societal ignorance” and “Pushing the barricaded doors to treatment and care while fighting to illuminate the shadows of lipoedema”. In Paper II, the women described how the condition made them feel trapped within their bodies and limited in their day-to-day activities. They also described social exclusion, while highlighting that emotional support from family and friends was an important aspect of their lives. In Paper III, their experiences of healthcare varied, but most were negative, characterised by limited or no support and treatment, disbelief, and being labelled obese by healthcare professionals. Financial limitations, varied treatment experiences, and a search for something that would alleviate their symptoms were also described.

Papers IV and V: In Paper IV, isometric strength and muscle mass according to DXA were unimpaired. The 30-second sit-to-stand test resulted in fewer repetitions performed, while the 6-minute walk test did not yield any significant deviation in distance. However, the participants experienced increased pain at completion of the 6-minute walk test. In Paper V, RAND-36 results showed lower scores across all subscales regarding quality of life. The subscales of role physical, role emotional, pain, and energy/fatigue displayed the lowest scores. There were signs of stress among one-third of the participants, but self-compassion scores were high: 88.9% (n=16) reported moderate to high self-compassion, and 50% (n=9) reported high self-compassion.

Conclusion: Lipoedema significantly reduces the health-related quality of life and physical and mental well-being of affected women. Their experiences of healthcare indicate that the knowledge of lipoedema in healthcare is limited, a lack of evidence-based care constrains women’s access to effective interventions, and substantial research gaps persist. The inadequacy of current diagnostic methods undermines clinical management and research comparability, making the development of such methods a critical priority.

Education for healthcare professionals regarding lipoedema, large multicentre studies of various treatments, and the implementation of effective treatments in healthcare settings are all necessary to reduce the consequences of lipoedema and to provide women diagnosed with lipoedema with care and support.

The findings regarding muscle strength, physical capacity, and body composition do not account for the symptoms described by participants and suggest that these symptoms are attributable to pain and adipose tissue accumulation. Objective and subjective perspectives should both be integrated in lipoedema consultation and treatment.

The psychometric findings differ between the qualitative studies and the rated health-related quality of life. It is imperative to consider protective psychological factors when planning lipoedema interventions.

Abstract [sv]

Bakgrund: Lipödem är en kronisk åkomma som nästan bara drabbar kvinnor. Den karakteriseras av en ansamling av fettvävnad på benen och ibland på armarna, tillsammans med smärta, tyngdkänsla och lätt att få blåmärken. Lipödem minskar inte med traditionell viktminskningsbehandling och få behandlingar ingår i den subventionerade sjukvården. Kunskapen om lipödem inom sjukvården är begränsad och sjukdomen kan därför felaktigt bli diagnostiserad som övervikt. Lipödem påverkar livskvaliteten och ger ökad risk för depression och sämre psykologisk hälsa och orsakar dessutom en kropp som begränsar rörligheten och ökar smärtan.

Syfte: I andra studier ingår kvinnor som själva ställt diagnosen lipödem. Vi ville därför bara studera kvinnor med medicinskt diagnostiserat lipödem. Syftet med studierna var att hos kvinnor med lipödem utforska påverkan på vardagslivet och kvinnornas upplevelser av sjukvården. Vi studerade också fysisk förmåga, kroppssammansättning, självskattad livskvalitet, tecken på stress, ångest, självmedkänsla, perfektionism och s.k. bluffsyndrom.

Metoder: Avhandlingen består av fem studier. I studie I gjordes en nationell identifiering av forskningsfrågor som prioriterades av personer med lipödem, anhöriga och kliniker som träffar personer med lipödem. I studierna II och III analyserades tolv intervjuer med kvinnor med lipödem med fokus på erfarenheter av att leva med sjukdomen och möten med sjukvården. Data från intervjuerna analyserades (med kvalitativ innehållsanalys) för att identifiera likheter och skillnader i berättelserna. I studie IV undersökte vi fysiska förutsättningar genom att mäta muskelstyrka och funktionell kapacitet samt mätning av kroppssammansättning hos 18 kvinnor med lipödem. Deltagarna fick också svara på enkäter för att kartlägga hälsorelaterad livskvalitet, alkoholanvändning och fysisk aktivitet. I studie V användes psykologiska skattningsskalor tillsammans med samma enkät för livskvalitet som i vistudie IV för att kartlägga tecken på ångest, stress, bluffsyndrom, perfektionism, självmedkänsla och hälsorelaterad livskvalitet.

Resultat: Studie I: Tio frågor som var viktiga att studera prioriterades av de ursprungliga mer än 1300. Frågorna rankades till topp 5 och topp 6–10 och innehöll frågor relaterade till diagnostiska metoder, behandlingar och behandlingsresultat.

Studie II och III: Resulterade i två teman som illustrerar kvinnors erfarenhet av att leva med lipödem. I studie II beskrev kvinnorna hur sjukdomen fick dem att känna sig fångade i sin kropp och begränsade i sina vardagsaktiviteter. De beskrev socialt utanförskap, samtidigt som stöd från familj och vänner var viktigt. I studie III var erfarenheterna från sjukvården varierande, men ofta negativa, med begränsat eller obefintligt stöd och behandling samt misstro och risk att stämplas som överviktig av sjukvården. Finansiella begränsningar, olika erfarenheter av behandlingar och sökandet efter något för att ge symptomlindring beskrevs också.

Studie IV och V: I studie IV var både muskelstyrka och muskelmassa inom referensvärdena. I uppresningstestet genomförde deltagarna färre uppresningar. 6-minuters gångtest visade ingen avvikande gångsträcka, dock beskrev kvinnorna ökad smärta vid avslut av gångtestet. I studie V visade skattad livskvalitet lägre resultat på alla skalor, med de lägsta resultaten på fysiska och emotionella begränsningar, smärta och vitalitet. En tredjedel hade tecken på stress, men skattad självmedkänsla var hög.

Slutsats: Lipödem minskar hälsorelaterad livskvalitet och det fysiska och psykiska måendet. Kvinnornas erfarenheter av sjukvård visar att kunskapen om lipödem är begränsad, tillgången till effektiva behandlingar är liten och mycket forskning saknas. Objektiva diagnostiska metoder behöver etableras för att kunna tillhandahålla sjukvård och forskning.

Utbildning för sjukvårdspersonal, stora studier av olika behandlingar och införande av dessa behandlingar i offentlig sjukvård behövs för att reducera konsekvenserna av lipödem och ge kvinnor med lipödem vård och stöd.

Fynden vid muskeltester, fysisk kapacitet och kroppsammansättning förklarar inte de symptom som beskrivs av deltagarna, utan tyder snarare på att de beror på smärta och fettvävens volym. Detta understryker behovet av att integrera både subjektiva och objektiva perspektiv i bedömning och behandling av lipödem.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Umeå: Umeå University, 2026. , p. 62
Keywords [en]
Lipedema, women's health, research priority, content analysis, patient experience, quality of life, muscle strength, DXA, self-compassion
National Category
Dermatology and Venereal Diseases
Research subject
Dermatology and Venerology
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-252635ISBN: 978-91-8070-981-1 (electronic)ISBN: 978-91-8070-980-4 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:umu-252635DiVA, id: diva2:2056427
Public defence
2026-06-04, Sal A, Byggnad 1D, plan 9, NUS, Umeå, 09:00 (Swedish)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

Link to participate via Zoom: https://umu.zoom.us/j/62878331943, password: 112233.

Available from: 2026-05-13 Created: 2026-04-29 Last updated: 2026-04-29Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Lipoedema research priorities: a Swedish priority-setting partnership for future treatment and diagnostic studies
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Lipoedema research priorities: a Swedish priority-setting partnership for future treatment and diagnostic studies
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2025 (English)In: BMJ Open, E-ISSN 2044-6055, Vol. 15, no 8, article id e086869Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Objectives: To identify research priorities related to the diagnosis, treatment and management of lipoedema.

Design: This was a research question priority-setting that ensured the involvement of patients, relatives and healthcare professionals in all parts. It consisted of the following steps: identifying research questions through an open survey, seeking input from patients, patient relatives and healthcare professionals. Prioritisation, including a Delphi exercise and a final priority-setting meeting.

Setting: Swedish healthcare and community.

Participants: A total of 255 participants submitted research questions. 130 participated in the prioritisation of the submitted questions. Of these, 89 were patients, 10 were relatives, 19 were healthcare professionals and 12 were representatives of patient organisations.

Results: 1314 potential research questions were submitted; 62 unique questions remained after analysis. 130 and 123 people answered the first and second Delphi surveys, respectively. 20 questions were discussed by 13 participants at the final priority-setting meeting. The following five research questions were selected as a top priority: (1) what criteria should apply for a diagnosis of lipoedema? (2) What outcomes are important in lipoedema research? (3) What effect does manual treatment, such as manual lymphatic drainage have on lipoedema? (4) What effect does liposuction have on lipoedema? (5) What are the effects of hormonal treatment on lipoedema?

Conclusions: We found a consensus between patients and healthcare professionals on topics that warrant priority in future research into lipoedema. The questions reflect both the diagnosis of the condition and research on treatment effects. We hope the results will inform researchers and research funders, and direct future studies towards important research questions.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2025
National Category
Health Care Service and Management, Health Policy and Services and Health Economy
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-243960 (URN)10.1136/bmjopen-2024-086869 (DOI)001561469200001 ()40876880 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-105014541199 (Scopus ID)
Available from: 2025-09-08 Created: 2025-09-08 Last updated: 2026-04-29Bibliographically approved
2. An uncertain uphill battle: experiences and consequences of living with lipedema
Open this publication in new window or tab >>An uncertain uphill battle: experiences and consequences of living with lipedema
2024 (English)In: International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-being, ISSN 1748-2623, E-ISSN 1748-2631, Vol. 19, no 1, article id 2300152Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Purpose: To describe and analyse experiences of living with lipedema. Methods: Individual, semi-structured interviews with a purposive sample of 12 women diagnosed with lipedema and analysed by qualitative content analysis utilizing an inductive approach.

Results: The overarching theme, “An uncertain uphill battle against a divergent body and societal ignorance”, covers the experiences of living with lipedema and is based on five categories; “Captivated by a disintegrating body”, “Face the impairments of a chronic condi-tion”, “Experience social exclusion”, “Need emotional support to go on” and “Mull over an insecure future”. The women felt entrapped within their bodies and experienced social exclusion due to the chronic symptoms and the progressive body shape alteration caused by their illness. Having experienced deficient information on the illness, varying support from other people, and a deteriorating economic situation, the women face an uncertain future.

Conclusions: Symptoms and restrictions caused by lipedema affect women’s livelihood and future, as there are no indications for disease improvement. Preventive work aimed at reducing health deterioration should be a priority. More research is needed to raise health-care awareness regarding difficulties experienced by patients with lipedema.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Taylor & Francis, 2024
Keywords
Lipedema, Women, Qualitative research, Content analysis, Body Image
National Category
Dermatology and Venereal Diseases
Research subject
Dermatology and Venerology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-218759 (URN)10.1080/17482631.2023.2300152 (DOI)001133286800001 ()38159285 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85181414770 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Region Västerbotten
Available from: 2023-12-31 Created: 2023-12-31 Last updated: 2026-04-29Bibliographically approved
3. Struggles in accessing healthcare, the experiences made by women with lipedema in Sweden: a qualitative study
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Struggles in accessing healthcare, the experiences made by women with lipedema in Sweden: a qualitative study
2025 (English)In: International Journal of Women's Health, E-ISSN 1179-1411, Vol. Volume 17, p. 4949-4960Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Background: Lipedema is a relatively unknown condition, often leading to misdiagnosis and a lack of proper treatment.

Purpose: To explore the experiences of seeking healthcare support and treatment among women with a physician-verified diagnosis of lipedema.

Methods: Twelve women with lipedema, verified by medical examination, were interviewed using semi-structured interviews. The transcribed data was analyzed using qualitative content analysis with an inductive approach and abstracted to visualize manifest and latent meanings.

Results: The theme "Pushing the barricaded doors to treatment and care while fighting to illuminate the shadows of lipedema" describes the experiences of women being denied subsidized treatment and disregarded by healthcare professionals. The theme is based on three categories "Experiencing societal injustice and gatekeeping in healthcare services", "Combating prejudice and stigmatization with increased awareness", and "Having a solid desire for improved and affordable treatment options". Women with lipedema described feelings of being abandoned by decision-makers and healthcare. When in need of symptom relief, women with lipedema searched and attempted different therapies, and when treatment were available, the women would have to pay for it themselves.

Conclusion: Lipedema remains an unknown disease with few available treatments in subsidized healthcare. Lack of experience regarding lipedema among healthcare professionals and their failure to assess the condition risks damaging the confidence of affected women. Therefore, increased awareness and education of healthcare personnel to increase the clinical recognition of lipedema are necessary first steps to reducing misdiagnosis, improve patient satisfaction, and the availability of care among patients with lipedema.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Dove Medical Press, 2025
Keywords
content analysis, women's health, treatment availability, patient experience
National Category
Nursing
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-246867 (URN)10.2147/ijwh.s563416 (DOI)001628265500001 ()41333043 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-105023374849 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Region Västerbotten, RV-980786
Available from: 2025-11-27 Created: 2025-11-27 Last updated: 2026-04-29Bibliographically approved
4. The burden of lipedema: a cross-sectional study of patient reported outcomes, physical performance, and body composition
Open this publication in new window or tab >>The burden of lipedema: a cross-sectional study of patient reported outcomes, physical performance, and body composition
Show others...
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
National Category
Dermatology and Venereal Diseases
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-252631 (URN)
Available from: 2026-04-29 Created: 2026-04-29 Last updated: 2026-04-29Bibliographically approved
5. Elevated stress and reduced quality of life despite preserved self-compassion in women with lipoedema
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Elevated stress and reduced quality of life despite preserved self-compassion in women with lipoedema
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
National Category
Dermatology and Venereal Diseases
Research subject
Dermatology and Venerology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-252634 (URN)
Available from: 2026-04-29 Created: 2026-04-29 Last updated: 2026-04-29Bibliographically approved

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