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'You can just go out into the woods': how geography teachers interpret and teach sustainable development
Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Geography.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-8761-1474
2026 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)Alternative title
"Man kan ju bara gå ut i skogen" : hur geografilärare tolkar och undervisar hållbar utveckling (Swedish)
Abstract [en]

The societal debate on sustainable development is present in our everyday lives, emphasising the need for a transition to avoid irreversible environmental and social consequences. Educational systems can be seen as a vehicle for this adaptation, providing pupils with tools to critically analyse sustainability methods. In Sweden, this responsibility is shared across multiple subjects, Geography being one.

By studying documents and interviewing Geography teachers this thesis sets out to investigate how education for sustainable development (ESD) is conceptualised, manifested, and geographically anchored within the school subject of Geography in Swedish lower- and upper-secondary education.

The research is structured around three interconnected themes. First, the subject, employs boundary-work theory to analyse a curriculum revision debate where sustainable development was proposed as an independent subject. The findings reveal how the relationship between the discipline of geography and the concept of sustainable development was negotiated. Geography’s holistic nature makes it inherently suited for ESD, the subject faces challenges related to ambiguous objectives and a low disciplinary status. The second theme, place, utilises spatial and frame factor theory to explore how teachers use the local settings as a pedagogical resource. The analysis demonstrates that a relational conceptualisation of place is essential for making abstract sustainability challenges more relatable. It is argued that ‘place’ functions as a frame factor, conditioning teaching practices and providing an arena for pupils to develop action competence. The final theme, the teachers, focuses on teacher agency and the practical navigation of classroom realities. Teachers act as agents of change, balancing curriculum requirements against societal pressures such as 'alternative facts' and climate anxiety among students.

The thesis concludes that Geography contributes to ESD through its integrative perspective and its ability to bridge global issues with local lived experiences. However, several institutional challenges are identified. Both the subject’s marginalisation within the Swedish school system and the highlighted need for enhanced subject-specific support and professional development from national educational authorities can constrain Geographys’ potential.

Abstract [sv]

Den samhälleliga debatten om hållbar utveckling är ständigt närvarande i vår vardag och belyser behovet av en omställning för att undvika oåterkalleliga konsekvenser för människor och livsmiljöer. Utbildningsväsendet kan ses som en viktig resurs för denna anpassning genom att elever ges redskap för att kritiskt analysera metoder för hållbarhet. I en svensk utbildningskontext delas ansvaret för hållbar utveckling mellan flera ämnen, varav ett är geografi.

Genom dokumentstudier och intervjuer med geografilärare syftar denna avhandling till att undersöka hur lärande för hållbar utveckling (LHU) konceptualiseras, manifesteras och geografiskt förankras inom skolämnet geografi i svensk grund- och gymnasieskola.

Forskningen är strukturerad kring tre sammanlänkade teman. Det första temat, ämnet, använder gränsdragningsteori för att analysera en debatt som uppstod vid en läroplansrevidering för gymnasieskolan där hållbar utveckling föreslogs bli ett självständigt ämne. Resultaten visar hur relationen mellan disciplinen geografi och begreppet hållbar utveckling förhandlades fram. Trots att geografins holistiska karaktär gör att ämnet lämpar sig väl för att beröra LHU, möter det utmaningar relaterade till tvetydiga mål och en låg disciplinär status. Det andra temat, plats, använder rumslig teori och ramfaktorteori för att utforska hur lärare använder lokala miljöer som en pedagogisk resurs. Analysen visar att en relationell konceptualisering av plats är nödvändig för att göra abstrakta hållbarhetsutmaningar mer relaterbara. Det argumenteras för att ”plats” fungerar både som en ramfaktor som lärare behöver ta hänsyn till i undervisningspraktiken samt utgör en arena där elever kan utveckla sin handlingskompetens. Det sista temat, lärarna, fokuserar på lärarnas handlingsutrymme i förhållande till hållbar utveckling. Lärare agerar som förändringsaktörer där de balanserar å ena sdan läroplanens krav mot samhälleliga påtryckningar såsom ”alternativa fakta” och klimatångest bland eleverna.

Avhandlingen drar slutsatsen att geografi bidrar till LHU genom sitt integrerande perspektiv och sin förmåga att fungera som en länk mellan globala frågor och lokala erfarenheter. Samtidigt identifieras flera institutionella utmaningar. Både ämnets marginalisering inom det svenska skolsystemet och behovet av ämnesspecifikt stöd och kompetensutveckling till geografilärare från nationella utbildningsmyndigheter uppmärksammades då brister kan begränsa geografiamnets potential.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Umeå: Umeå University, 2026. , p. 122
Series
GERUM, ISSN 1402-5205 ; 2026:3Umeå studies in the educational sciences, ISSN 2004-8890, E-ISSN 2004-8661 ; 91
Keywords [en]
Geography education, sustainable development, education for sustainable development, Sweden, boundary-work theory, place, teacher-agency
Keywords [sv]
Geografididaktik, hållbar utveckling, lärande för hållbar utveckling, Sverige, gränsdragningsteori, plats, läraragens
National Category
Human Geography Educational Sciences
Research subject
Social and Economic Geography; education; sustainable development; sustainability
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-252893ISBN: 978-91-6850-038-6 (electronic)ISBN: 978-91-6850-037-9 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:umu-252893DiVA, id: diva2:2057985
Public defence
2026-06-05, Hörsal UB.A.230 - Lindellhallen 3, Umeå, 10:15 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2026-05-12 Created: 2026-05-06 Last updated: 2026-05-06Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Guarding the boundaries: a Swedish policy debate about geography and education for sustainable development
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Guarding the boundaries: a Swedish policy debate about geography and education for sustainable development
2025 (English)In: Nordic Journal of Studies in Educational Policy, ISSN 2002-0317, Vol. 11, no 3, p. 218-230Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

In this article, we analyse how educational policy debates regarding specific school subjectsare related to the demarcation of science. Utilising boundary-work theory we analyse materialfrom a later abandoned revision process for the Swedish upper secondary school curriculumin 2004–2006. During this process a new subject – Sustainable Development – was proposedby the Swedish National Agency for Education. As a consequence, the Geography subject,potentially a suitable arena to naturally handle education for sustainable development, wouldbe given a very peripheral role in the upper secondary school curriculum. From the sugges-tion a debate about scientific boundaries arose, with arguments that may be traced back tothe theoretical concepts; ‘exclusion’, ‘expansion’ and ‘protection of autonomy’.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Routledge, 2025
Keywords
Geography discipline, geography education, policy debates, sustainable development, boundary-work
National Category
Human Geography Didactics
Research subject
history of education; environmental science; education
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-234748 (URN)10.1080/20020317.2025.2457171 (DOI)2-s2.0-85216229143 (Scopus ID)
Available from: 2025-01-29 Created: 2025-01-29 Last updated: 2026-05-06Bibliographically approved
2. The importance of 'place' in geographical sustainable development teaching: experiences from northern Sweden
Open this publication in new window or tab >>The importance of 'place' in geographical sustainable development teaching: experiences from northern Sweden
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
National Category
Human Geography Didactics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-252891 (URN)
Available from: 2026-05-06 Created: 2026-05-06 Last updated: 2026-05-06Bibliographically approved
3. Teacher agency and sustainable development: negotiating curricular demands and contested knowledge in Sweden
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Teacher agency and sustainable development: negotiating curricular demands and contested knowledge in Sweden
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
National Category
Human Geography Didactics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-252892 (URN)
Available from: 2026-05-06 Created: 2026-05-06 Last updated: 2026-05-06Bibliographically approved

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