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Från begynnande revor till bestående avtryck: om våld i nära relationer, återkommande trauman och långsiktiga hälsokonsekvenser
Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Social Work.
2026 (Swedish)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)Alternative title
From early rips to enduring imprints : on violence in close relationships, recurrent trauma, and long-term health consequences (English)
Abstract [sv]

Bakgrund och syfte: Ämnet för den här avhandlingen är våld i nära relationer – närmare bestämt hur utsatthet för våld av närstående förövare, från barndom till vuxenliv, kan förstås och relateras till psykisk och fysisk ohälsa samt hälsorelaterade riskbeteenden. Utsatthet för interpersonellt våld är ett utbrett folkhälsoproblem, och det är i dag väl belagt att det finns ett samband mellan våldsutsatthet i barndomen och negativa hälsoutfall i vuxenlivet. Likväl kvarstår viktiga kunskapsluckor. Kunskapen om relationen har huvudsakligen baserats på studier avgränsade till specifika grupper, våldstyper eller livsperioder, och sällan tagit hänsyn till den kumulativa effekten av utsatthet för våld i både barndom och vuxenliv. Sammantaget försämrar detta graden av precision när det gäller att förstå hur våldsutsatthet utvecklas och påverkar hälsa i ett livsloppsperspektiv.

Mot denna bakgrund syftar avhandlingen till att undersöka förekomsten av och riskfaktorer för fysiskt, psykiskt och sexuellt våld av närstående i ett livsloppsperspektiv, samt att studera hur sådana erfarenheter – var för sig och i kombination – relaterar till psykisk och fysisk ohälsa samt hälsorelaterade risk-beteenden i vuxenlivet. Avhandlingen baseras på ett och samma datamaterial och består av fyra kvantitativa delstudier.

Data och metod: Datamaterialet samlades in av Nationellt centrum för kvinnofrid (NCK) vid Uppsala universitet år 2012 och består av enkätsvar från ett riksrepresentativt slumpmässigt urval av 10 337 kvinnor och män i åldrarna 18–74 år. Studien godkändes av Regionala etik-prövningsnämnden i Uppsala (Dnr 2011/156). Bortfallsanalys och kalibreringsviktning genomfördes av Statistiska centralbyrån (SCB). Enkäten innehöll beteendespecifika frågor om utsatthet för fysiskt, psykiskt och sexuellt våld i barndomen (0–14 år och 15–17 år) och vuxenlivet (från 18 år och senaste 12 månaderna), från olika kategorier av förövare. Vålds-utsatthet och kopplingen till psykisk och fysisk ohälsa och hälsorelaterade riskbeteenden mättes genom självrapportering och validerade instrument.

Delstudie I och II analyserar våldsutsatthet och risken för upprepad utsatthet med logistisk regression. Delstudie III tillämpar ett mått på utsatthet för våld i barndomen som är inspirerat av forskningen om Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE). Den undersöker hur inkluderingen av utsatthet för allvarligt våld i vuxen ålder adderar till sambandet mellan våldsutsatthet i barndomen och ohälsa i vuxenlivet. Även dessa analyser genomfördes med logistisk regression. Delstudie IV använder latent klassanalys (LCA), genomförd separat för kvinnor och män, för att identifiera empiriskt distinkta mönster av livstidsexponering. Sambanden mellan dessa exponeringsmönster och ohälsa i vuxenlivet analyserades därefter med logistisk regression.

Resultat: Delstudie I visade att 25 % av kvinnorna och 7 % av männen någon gång i livet hade utsatts för sexuellt våld av en närstående. Utsatthet för sexuellt våld i barndomen var förenad med 4 gånger ökad risk för sexuellt våld i vuxen ålder. Det starkaste sambandet fanns dock för utsatthet under tonåren (15–17 år) som var kopplad till mer än 5 gånger ökad risk för upprepad utsatthet som vuxen. Enskilda ogynnsamma barndomsfaktorer förlorade i stor utsträckning sin förklaringskraft i multivariata analyser, medan den samlade barndomsbelastningen uppvisade ett tydligt dos-respons-mönster: bland individer med 9 eller fler ogynnsamma indikatorer rapporterade nära hälften av kvinnorna och var sjunde man utsatthet för sexuellt våld i vuxen ålder.

Delstudie II visade att fysiskt våld av en förälder före 15 års ålder var förenad med ungefär 2–3 gånger förhöjd risk att utsättas för fysiskt våld av en partner i vuxenlivet. Det starkaste sambandet avsåg utsatthet för fysiskt våld av en partner i åldern 15–17 år, vilken var förenad med 5 gånger högre risk bland kvinnor och 16 gånger högre risk bland män. Ut-satthet vid båda tidpunkterna innebar 25 gånger högre risk att utsättas för fysiskt våld av en partner som vuxen. Sociodemografiska faktorer uppvisade inget förklaringsvärde, medan en dysfunktionell uppväxtmiljö, exponering för våld mellan föräldrarna samt socialt riskbeteende var förenade med ökad risk. Utsatthet för fysiskt partnervåld under tonåren var vidare förknippad med knappt 6 gånger förhöjd risk för bristande tillit till andra, i linje med teorin Traumamedveten teori om individuellt hälsobeteendes (TTB) antaganden om traumats negativa effekter på förmågan att etablera emotionellt trygga relationer.

Delstudie III visade att exponering för 1, 2 respektive ≥3 typer av våldsutsatthet i barndomen var förenat med stegvis ökande odds för depression, ångest, PTSD, själv-skadebeteende och somatisering – mellan 4–8 gånger förhöjda odds för de mest exponerade. Inga signifikanta samband påvisades för ischemisk hjärtsjukdom (IHD), typ 2-diabetes eller cancer, men oddskvoterna låg i linje med tidigare ACE-studier. När utsatthet för allvarligt våld som vuxen adderades till utsatthet för våld i barndomen ökade riskerna markant – den mest exponerade gruppen uppvisade mellan 9–17 gånger förhöjda odds för psykisk ohälsa, och även samband framträdde nu också för cancer och obesitas, med en nära fördubblad risk. Dessa resultat understryker att utsatthet för allvarligt våld i vuxenlivet kan moderera eller mediera sambandet mellan utsatthet för våld i barndomen och ohälsa i vuxenlivet.

Delstudie IV visade att mönstren av livstidsexponering för multiutsatthet var betydligt mer komplexa bland kvinnor (7 klasser) än bland män (4 klasser). Männens klasser känne-tecknades huvudsakligen av varierande grad av utsatthet för fysiskt och psykiskt våld i barndomen, ofta från jämnåriga eller andra vuxna, samt av fysiskt våld av någon annan än partnern i vuxenlivet. Kvinnornas klasser inkluderade däremot i högre utsträckning utsatthet för sexuellt våld i barndomen samt partnervåld i vuxenlivet, med starkare kopplingar till ohälsa överlag jämfört med män, men särskilt avseende psykisk ohälsa. Tre unika klasser identifierades bland kvinnor. En av dessa (11.9 %) utmärkte sig genom att uppvisa medel till hög risk för multiutsatthet i barndomen men samtidigt låg risk för upprepad utsatthet i vuxenlivet – ett mönster som tolkades som ett möjligt uttryck för individuell resiliens. Klassmedlemskap var genomgående associerat med ohälsa i ett tydligt dos–respons-mönster, starkast för de klasser som präglades av utsatthet för våld i både barndom och vuxenliv.

Slutsatser: Avhandlingen visar att utsatthet för våld i nära relationer präglas av ackumulering och upprepning över livsloppet. Det är i regel den samlade bördan av ogynnsamma uppväxt-villkor i barndomen, snarare än enskilda riskfaktorer, som i högre grad förklarar vålds-utsatthet som vuxen. Utsatthet i vuxenlivet förstärker dessutom de negativa hälso-konsekvenser som följer av våldsutsatthet i barndomen. Könsskillnaderna är genomgående: kvinnor uppvisar mer komplexa mönster av våldsutsatthet och starkare samband med framförallt psykisk ohälsa. Samtidigt identifieras tecken på individuell resiliens hos en grupp kvinnor som, trots hög risk för utsatthet i barndomen, uppvisar låg risk för upprepad utsatthet i vuxenlivet. Denna grupp bryter därmed mot etablerade mönster och utmanar den starka koppling mellan tidig och senare våldsutsatthet som konsekvent rapporterats i tidigare forskning.

Resultaten betonar behovet av tidiga, traumamedvetna insatser samt betydelsen av en socialtjänst som förmår att kombinera traumamedveten praktik med kunskap om vålds-utsatthetens individuella, relationella och strukturella dimensioner, inklusive social ojämlikhet och könade maktstrukturer. En sådan socialtjänst är bättre rustad att hantera våldets kontinuitet över tid, navigera bland stödinsatser och bryta etablerade mönster av våldsutsatthet. Detta är särskilt viktigt för att minska risken för långsiktig ohälsa hos barn som utsätts för våld i nära relationer.

Abstract [en]

Background and Aims: This thesis concerns violence exposure in close relationships—more specifically, how exposure to violence perpetrated by significant others, from childhood through adulthood, can be understood and related to mental and physical ill-health as well as health-related risk behaviors. Exposure to interpersonal violence is a widespread public health problem, and it is today well established that there is an association between childhood victimization and adverse health outcomes in adulthood. Nevertheless, important knowledge gaps remain. Knowledge about these associations has primarily been based on studies restricted to specific groups, types of violence, or life periods, and has rarely considered the cumulative effect of exposure to violence in both childhood and adulthood. Taken together, this limits the precision with which violence victimization and its relationship to health can be understood from a life-course perspective.

Against this background, the thesis aims to examine the prevalence of and risk factors for physical, psychological, and sexual violence by significant others across the life course, as well as to study how such experiences—individually and in combination—are related to mental and physical ill-health and health-related risk behaviors in adulthood. The thesis is based on a single dataset and comprises four quantitative sub-studies.

Data and Methods: The data were collected by the National Center for Knowledge on Men's Violence against Women (NCK) at Uppsala University in 2012, and consist of survey responses from a nationally representative random sample of 10,337 women and men aged 18–74 years. The study was approved by the Regional Ethics Review Board in Uppsala (Ref. 2011/156). Non-response analysis and calibration weighting were conducted by Statistics Sweden (SCB). The survey contained behavior-specific questions about exposure to physical, psychological, and sexual violence during childhood (0–14 years and 15–17 years) and adulthood (from age 18 and the past 12 months), from various categories of perpetrators. Violence victim-ization and its association with mental and physical ill-health and health-related risk behaviors were measured through self-report and validated instruments.

Sub-studies I and II analyze violence victimization and the risk of revictimization using logistic regression. Study III applies a measure of exposure to violence in childhood that is inspired by research on Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE). It examines how the in-clusion of exposure to severe violence in adulthood adds to the association between child-hood victimization and ill-health in adulthood. These analyzes were also conducted using logistic regression. Sub-study IV applies latent class analysis (LCA), conducted separately for women and men, to identify empirically distinct patterns of lifetime exposure. The associations between these exposure patterns and ill-health in adulthood were sub-sequently analysed using logistic regression.

Results: Sub-study I found that 25 % of the women and 7 % of the men had ever been exposed to sexual violence by a close perpetrator. Exposure to sexual violence during childhood was associated with a 4-fold increased risk of sexual violence in adulthood. The strongest association was observed for victimization during adolescence (15–17 years), which was linked to more than a 5-fold increased risk of revictimization in adulthood. Individual adverse childhood factors largely lost their explanatory power in multivariate analyses, whereas the cumulative childhood burden showed a clear dose-response pattern: among individuals with 9 or more adverse indicators, nearly half of the women and one in seven men reported sexual violence victimization in adulthood.

Sub-study II found that physical violence by a parent before age 15 was associated with an approximately 2–3-fold elevated risk of exposure to physical violence by an intimate partner in adulthood. The strongest association pertained to exposure to physical violence by a partner between ages 15–17, which was associated with a 5-fold higher risk among women and a 16-fold higher risk among men. Exposure at both time points entailed a 25-fold higher risk of physical intimate partner violence in adulthood. Sociodemographic factors showed no explanatory value, whereas experiences of household dysfunction, exposure to interparental violence, and social risk behavior were associated with increased risk. Exposure to physical partner violence during adolescence was further associated with an almost 6-fold elevated risk of lacking trust in others among both women and men, consistent with the Trauma-Informed Theory of Individual Health Behavior (TTB) assumptions regarding trauma’s negative effects on the ability to establish emotionally secure relationships.

Sub-study III found that exposure to 1, 2, and ≥3 types of childhood violence was associated with stepwise increasing odds of depression, anxiety, PTSD, self-harm, and somatization—between 4–8-fold elevated odds for the most exposed group. No significant associations were found for ischaemic heart disease (IHD), type 2 diabetes, or cancer, but the odds ratios were in line with previous ACE studies. When exposure to severe violence in adulthood was added to childhood victimization, risks increased markedly—the most exposed group showed 9–17-fold elevated odds of mental ill-health, and associations also emerged for cancer and obesity, with an approximately 2-fold increased risk. These findings underscore that exposure to severe violence in adulthood can moderate or mediate the association between childhood victimization and ill-health in adulthood.

Sub-study IV found that patterns of lifetime exposure to poly-victimization were considerably more complex among women (7 classes) than among men (4 classes). Men's classes were primarily characterised by varying degrees of exposure to physical and psychological violence during childhood, often from peers or other adults, as well as physical violence by someone other than an intimate partner in adulthood. The women’s classes, by contrast, more frequently included exposure to sexual violence in childhood and intimate partner violence in adulthood, with stronger associations to ill health overall compared to men, but particularly with respect to mental ill-health. Three unique classes were identified among women. One of these (11.9%) was distinguished by showing moderate to high risk of poly-victimization in childhood while simultaneously displaying low risk of revictimization in adulthood—a pattern interpreted as a possible expression of individual resilience. Class membership was consistently associated with ill-health in a clear dose-response pattern, strongest for classes characterized by victimization in both childhood and adulthood.

Conclusions: The thesis demonstrates how exposure to violence in close relationships is characterized by accumulation and repetition across the life-course. It is generally the cumulative burden of adverse childhood experiences, rather than individual risk factors, that explains exposure to violence in adulthood to a greater extent. Victimization in adulthood further amplifies the negative health consequences associated with childhood victimization. Gender differences are consistent throughout: women show more complex patterns of victimization and stronger associations with mental ill-health in particular. At the same time, signs of individual resilience are identified in a group of women who, despite a high risk of childhood victimization, show low risk of revictimization in adulthood. This group thereby breaks established patterns and challenges the strong link between early and later victimization that has been consistently reported in prior research.

The findings underscore the need for early, trauma-informed interventions, as well as the importance of the social services capable of combining trauma-informed practice with knowledge of the individual, relational, and structural dimensions of violence exposure, including social inequality and gendered power structures. Such social services are better equipped to address the continuity of violence over time, to navigate support interventions, and to break established patterns of victimization. This is particularly important for reducing the risk of long-term ill-health among children who are exposed to violence in close relationships.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Umeå: Umeå University, 2026. , p. 78
Series
Studier i socialt arbete vid Umeå universitet : avhandlings- och skriftserie, ISSN 0283-300X ; 105
Keywords [en]
childhood victimization, health-related risk behaviors, latent class analysis (LCA), life-course perspective, logistic regression, mental- and physical ill-health, poly-victimization, resilience, revictimization, socioecological model, violence in close relationships
Keywords [sv]
hälsorelaterade riskbeteenden, latent klassanalys (LCA), livsloppsperspektiv, logistisk regression, multiutsatthet, psykisk och fysisk ohälsa, resiliens, socioekologisk modell, upprepad utsatthet, våld i nära relationer, våldsutsatta barn
National Category
Social Work
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-252901ISBN: 978-91-6850-047-8 (print)ISBN: 978-91-6850-048-5 (electronic)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:umu-252901DiVA, id: diva2:2058097
Public defence
2026-06-05, Hörsal NAT.D.320 (Naturvetarhuset), Umeå, 10:00 (Swedish)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
The Swedish Crime Victim Compensation and Support Authority, Brottsofferfonden (Dnr 04647/2014)Available from: 2026-05-13 Created: 2026-05-06 Last updated: 2026-05-07Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Women and men sexually violated by closely related perpetrators over a lifespan: Prevalence, revictimization, and association to adverse childhood conditions and experiences
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Women and men sexually violated by closely related perpetrators over a lifespan: Prevalence, revictimization, and association to adverse childhood conditions and experiences
2020 (English)In: Children and youth services review, ISSN 0190-7409, E-ISSN 1873-7765, Vol. 113, article id 104897Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Background: Being sexually violated by a perpetrator to whom one has strong emotional and social ties may be exceedingly traumatic as it involves a serious betrayal and violation of basic trust.

Objective: To examine the prevalence and revictimization of this type of sexual violence in childhood, adolescence, and adulthood and its covariance with adverse psychosocial conditions and experiences in childhood.

Participants and setting: A representative sample of 10,337 Swedish women and men aged 18–74.

Method: A combined online and postal survey. Attrition bias was adjusted for by a calibration and weighting procedure based on official register information. Logistic regression was applied to calculate odds ratios (OR) and adjusted odds ratios (AOR).

Results: The results showed that 25% of the women and 7% of the men had been sexually violated by closely related perpetrators at some time in their life. Victimization in childhood generated an OR of 4.3 (p < .001) for revictimization in adulthood. Most psychosocial indicators of an adverse childhood situation were significantly linked (OR) to victimization of sexual violence, but insignificant when controlling for the influence of confounders (AOR). The importance of the total burden of psychosocial childhood adversity was illustrated in that 12% of women and 2% of men without indicators of an adverse childhood situation were sexually victimized in adulthood, while the corresponding figures for those reporting at least nine aspects of an adverse childhood situation were 47% and 15%, respectively.

Conclusion: The importance of integrating sexual victimization into a holistic psychosocial context in prevention and treatment was emphasized.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier, 2020
Keywords
Child sexual abuse, Adverse childhood experiences, Adult sexual victimization, Polyvictimization, Revictimization, Life-course
National Category
Social Work
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-171790 (URN)10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.104897 (DOI)000531095100062 ()2-s2.0-85083106207 (Scopus ID)
Available from: 2020-06-15 Created: 2020-06-15 Last updated: 2026-05-06Bibliographically approved
2. Women and men physically abused by closely related perpetrators over a lifespan. Revictimization and associations to situational factors in childhood
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Women and men physically abused by closely related perpetrators over a lifespan. Revictimization and associations to situational factors in childhood
2024 (English)In: Children and youth services review, ISSN 0190-7409, E-ISSN 1873-7765, Vol. 167, article id 107994Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Background: Physical revictimization has been sparsely examined, and in particular the risk of revictimization within the context of closely related perpetrators. Objective: To elucidate the relative contributions of exposure to physical violence in childhood and in youth by perpetrators close to the victim and situational factors in childhood to the risk of physical IPV in adulthood against the social-ecological background of the Trauma-Informed Theory of Individual Health Behavior (TTB). Trust was used as a proxy for resilience.

Participants and setting: A representative sample of 10,337 women and men aged 18–74 in Sweden. Methods: A combined online and postal survey was used. Attrition bias was adjusted for by a calibration and weighting procedure based on official register information. Logistic regression was applied to calculate odds ratios (OR).

Results: Physical abuse by a parent before the age of 15 was associated with approximately 2–3 fold increased odds of physical adult partner violence. The strongest correlation applied to victimization by a partner at age 15–17, where the risk for men was three times that for women. Dysfunctional family conditions and social risk behaviors in adolescence were also associated with adult IPV, while sociodemographic variables had no explanatory value.

Conclusions: Our results indicated that exposure to physical violence by perpetrators close to the victim was the most potent risk factor for exposure to physical IPV in adulthood and that exposure at multiple ages increased this risk. Trust was clearly associated with lower odds of revictimization. Our findings support the tenets of TTB and suggest that they may be extended to the concept of revictimization.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier, 2024
Keywords
Adult physical abuse, Adverse childhood experiences, Child physical abuse, Intimate partner violence, Life-course, Revictimization
National Category
Social Work
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-232157 (URN)10.1016/j.childyouth.2024.107994 (DOI)001359772600001 ()2-s2.0-85209067688 (Scopus ID)
Funder
The Swedish Crime Victim Compensation and Support Authority, 04647/2014
Available from: 2024-12-04 Created: 2024-12-04 Last updated: 2026-05-06Bibliographically approved
3. Violence in adulthood amplifies the health correlates of childhood maltreatment
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Violence in adulthood amplifies the health correlates of childhood maltreatment
2025 (English)In: BMC Public Health, E-ISSN 1471-2458, Vol. 25, no 1, article id 1193Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Background: Although experiences of violence are detrimental and may occur throughout the lifespan, few studies have examined the long-term health correlates of violence in both childhood and adulthood. Objective: To examine the association of exposure to child maltreatment (CM) as well as severe violence in adulthood with mental and physical health problems and health-related risk behaviors in adulthood.

Methods: The study was cross-sectional and applied a novel survey instrument among a random sample of 10 337 Swedish women and men aged 18–74. Logistic regression was applied to calculate odds ratios.

Results: Exposure to 0, 1, 2 or 3 or more types of CM showed graded associations for depression, anxiety, self-harm and PTSD in adulthood. Irritable bowel syndrome, fibromyalgia and obesity showed modest correlations. No significant associations were found between CM and ischemic heart disease (IHD), type 2 diabetes or cancer, although the ORs were in line with several previous ACE studies. When exposure to severe violence in adulthood was added to CM, odds ratios increased dramatically for mental health problems and health-related risk behaviors, suggesting that revictimization may moderate or mediate this relationship.

Conclusions: The results underscore the importance of studying violence exposure in a life-course perspective and suggest that the relationship between childhood adversities and long-term physical health problems in adulthood may be affected by the traumatic effects of revictimization in adult life. This points to the importance of early identification of child maltreatment and provision of robust services to protect children, treat symtoms of trauma, and enhance resilience to decrease the risk of poor health outcomes.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
BioMed Central (BMC), 2025
Keywords
Adverse childhood experiences, Exposure to violence, Health-related risk behavior, Life-course, Mental health, Physical health, Poly-victimization, Revictimization
National Category
Epidemiology Public Health, Global Health and Social Medicine Social Work
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-237385 (URN)10.1186/s12889-025-22469-x (DOI)001456231000008 ()40158129 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-105001383439 (Scopus ID)
Funder
The Swedish Crime Victim Compensation and Support Authority
Available from: 2025-04-22 Created: 2025-04-22 Last updated: 2026-05-06Bibliographically approved
4. Patterns of violence exposure in a life-course perspective and associations to mental and physical health problems and health-related risk behaviors among women and men in Sweden: a latent class analysis
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Patterns of violence exposure in a life-course perspective and associations to mental and physical health problems and health-related risk behaviors among women and men in Sweden: a latent class analysis
2025 (English)In: SSM - Population Health, ISSN 2352-8273, Vol. 32, article id 101874Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Background: Individual histories of abuse characteristics and other adversities must be considered to understand poly-victimization and its impact on ill-health, which suggests the importance of understanding how experiences of violence are interconnected over a life-course.

Objective: To explore gendered patterns of lifetime poly-victimization—physical, emotional, and sexual—and examine how distinct exposure profiles relate to adult health outcomes. The analysis is guided by the Trauma-Informed Theory of Individual Health Behavior (TTB) framework to deepen understanding of gendered trauma trajectories and their long-term effects.

Methods: 10 337 Swedish women and men aged 18–74 participated in a combined online and postal survey. Attrition bias was controlled for based on official registry information. Latent Class Analysis (LCA) was used for identification of groups. Associations between mental and physical health indicators and health-related risk behaviors were analyzed using logistic regression, adjusting for background variables including age, self-reported parental immigrant status, and parental educational attainment.

Results: Patterns of lifetime poly-victimization were more complex among women (7 classes) than men (4 classes). Among men, exposure was primarily characterized by childhood physical and emotional violence, as well as adult non-partner physical violence. In contrast, women's profiles often included childhood sexual violence and partner violence in adulthood, with stronger associations to multiple health problems and risk behaviors, and generally higher odds ratios compared to men. Among women, three unique clusters were identified, one of which may reflect more advanced resilience capacities compared to other clusters with similar trajectories of childhood violence exposure.

Conclusions: Gendered patterns of poly-victimization and their health-related consequences underscore the importance of early intervention to prevent revictimization. The identification of unique and resilient clusters among women, despite similar childhood violence exposure, highlights the need for further research into protective mechanisms and trauma-to-benefit pathways, as conceptualized within the TTB framework.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier, 2025
Keywords
Adverse childhood experiences, Health, Latent class analysis, Life-course, Poly-victimization, Violence
National Category
Epidemiology Public Health, Global Health and Social Medicine Social Work
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-246498 (URN)10.1016/j.ssmph.2025.101874 (DOI)001612578500001 ()2-s2.0-105020805970 (Scopus ID)
Funder
The Swedish Crime Victim Compensation and Support Authority, 04647/2014
Available from: 2025-11-26 Created: 2025-11-26 Last updated: 2026-05-06Bibliographically approved

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