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How did I get here?: adenovirus-host interactions for vector development
Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Section of Virology. Umeå University. (Niklas Arnberg)ORCID iD: 0000-0003-0573-4719
2026 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)Alternative title
Hur hamnade jag här? : adenovirus-värdinteraktioner för utveckling av vektorer (Swedish)
Abstract [en]

Adenoviruses (AdVs) have been developed as vectors for gene therapy, vaccines, and oncolytic applications, owing to their transduction efficiency, broad tropism, and well-established production platforms. Still, clinical translation is limited due to insufficient targeting and complex interactions with host factors. A detailed understanding of AdV-host interactions is needed for the rational design of next-generation vectors. This thesis explores AdV-host interactions in the context of vector development.

Human adenoviruses (HAdVs) are genetically divided into seven species (A-G), where species D is the largest and most diverse. The low seroprevalence of species D HAdVs has made them interesting as gene delivery platforms. In the first study, we identified a new chimeric HAdV-D virus, HAdV-20-42-42. HAdV-20-42-42 was vectorised and we demonstrated that it used the coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor (CAR) and CD46 for attachment. We also demonstrated the vector's ability to induce a T cell response in mouse splenocytes. The ability to use dual receptors and activate adaptive immunity highlights the potential of species D HAdV as versatile gene delivery platforms. 

In the second study, we generated four distinct A549 knockout models by targeting known HAdV receptors, resulting in cells deficient in CAR, CD46, DSG2, or sialic acid. Upon infection with HAdVs, we identified CD46 as the primary entry receptor for a majority of species D HAdVs. We used SPR analysis to demonstrate that binding to CD46 was mediated primarily by the HAdV hexon protein, suggesting the possibility for an interaction with high avidity.  Together, these findings provide mechanistic insight into the molecular basis underlying the broad cellular tropism of species D HAdVs.  

Given the central role of skeletal muscle as a target tissue for vaccine vectors, we wanted to explore whether HAdV transduction of these cells could be improved. Previously, the endogenous peptide lactoferricin (Lfcin) has been recognised to enhance HAdV-C5 infection in epithelial cells. In the third study, we investigated whether Lfcin could also enhance HAdV-C5 infection in human skeletal muscle cells. We found that Lfcin enhanced infection in a dose-dependent manner, but at very high concentrations it promoted viral particle clustering, which correlated with reduced enhancement. Addition of Lfcin during the early stages of infection markedly improved viral entry and transduction in both proliferating myoblasts and terminally differentiated myotubes. In addition, Lfcin reduced serum-mediated neutralisation of HAdV-C5. These findings demonstrate how endogenous host factors can modulate HAdV infectivity, influence biodistribution, and counter neutralising antibodies.

These studies provide additional insights into HAdV-host interactions by exploring determinants of HAdV tropism, and can be used for the development of safer, more targeted, and more effective AdV-based vectors. 

Abstract [sv]

Det uppskattas finnas närmare 1031 viruspartiklar på jorden. Trots denna enorma mängd finns det många som är relativt okända utanför forskarvärlden, däribland de virus jag forskat på: adenovirus. Adenovirus är en stor familj med många olika virus. De som kan infektera människor är kategoriserade i sju grupper (A-G), men historiskt har dessa främst förknippats med lindriga symptom såsom en lätt förkylning. Till utseendet ser alla adenovirus ut som en mikroskopisk 20-sidig tärning där det från var och ett av de tolv hörnen sticker ut armar som kallas fibrer. Ungefär tiotusen virus får plats på längden av en millimeter. 

Så varför studera virus som historiskt bara ansetts ge lindriga symptom? Jo, medicinskt kan adenovirus användas som vektorer; det vill säga virus som modifierats för att fungera som leveransbud för till exempel vacciner eller terapeutiska gener. Risken för framtida pandemier gör det viktigt att vi utvecklar nya plattformar för vaccinutveckling och en del genetiska sjukdomar saknar idag effektiv behandling. För att en vektor ska fungera optimalt måste man se till att den hamnar på rätt plats i kroppen och att den överlever kroppens immunförsvar länge nog för att leverera sin last. 

Denna avhandling handlar om adenovirus och hur vi kan använda dem som vektorer för vaccination och andra tillämpningar.

I första delen av detta arbete upptäckte vi ett nytt adenovirus, som visade sig tillhöra den största guppen adenovirus, grupp D. Vi modifierade det till vektor för att utvärdera dess potential som leveransplattform för vacciner eller genterapi och fann att det hade många egenskaper som lämpade sig för detta. Genom att använda en biobank av mänskliga blodprover kunde vi se att de flesta inte hade antikroppar mot detta virus, vilket är bra om man vill använda det som vektor. Vi undersökte sedan hur viruset tar sig in i celler och fann att det kan använda sig av två olika proteiner på cellytan, vilket gör att det kan användas på flera ställen i kroppen. Vi undersökte också hur virusvektorn påverkade immunsvaret hos möss och fann att den stimulerar utvecklingen av immunitet mot den vaccin-antigen som vektorn bär på. Denna information påverkar när och hur vi kan använda adenovirus som vektorer.

I den andra delen av detta arbete ville vi förstå hur adenovirus från grupp D sprids i kroppen. För spridning måste virus hitta en väg in i våra celler och vi upptäckte att grupp D adenovirus använder ett protein som heter CD46 för detta. Vi kunde visa att många adenovirus från grupp D binder till CD46 på ett sätt som gör interaktionen extra stabil. Genom att viruset har många bindningspunkter på sin yta kan det interagera med flera CD46-proteiner samtidigt. CD46 finns för övrigt på nästan alla celler i vår kropp, vilket kan förklara varför vissa adenovirus från grupp D kan infektera många olika celler och vävnader i kroppen. Detta har både för och nackdelar när man vill använda dem som vektorer och ger en inblick i hur deras väg in i celler kan styra var de infekterar.

Skelettmuskler är en viktig målvävnad för vektorbaserade vacciner, men adenovirus från grupp C har svårt att ta sig in i muskelceller. Problemet är att dessa celler inte har det viktiga ytproteinet CAR (som står för Coxsackie och Adenovirus-Receptorn). Utan CAR på cellytan har grupp C adenovirus ingen effektiv väg in. Tidigare studier har visat att ett kroppseget proteinfragment, lactoferricin, ökar upptag av adenovirus i lungceller och vi ville därför undersöka om lactoferricin även kan öka upptag av adenovirus i skelettmuskelceller. Vi fann att tillsats av lactoferricin tidigt under infektion kraftigt förbättrade virusupptaget i skelettmuskelceller. Dessutom kunde lactoferricin delvis skydda adenoviruset mot neutraliserande antikroppar, vilka annars hämmar vektorer från att fungera optimalt. Dessa resultat ger en inblick i hur vi kan använda olika molekyler för att förbättra upptag av adenovirus-baserade vektorer.

Sammanfattningsvis ger dessa arbeten en ökad förståelse för hur adenovirus interagerar med värdceller och identifierar faktorer som styr var och hur olika adenovirus kan infektera. Resultaten öppnar dörren för att utveckla säkrare, mer effektiva adenovirus-baserade vektorer.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Umeå: Umeå University, 2026. , p. 58
Series
Umeå University medical dissertations, ISSN 0346-6612 ; 2429
Keywords [en]
adenovirus, vector, viral vector, CD46, lactoferrin, lactoferricin
National Category
Microbiology in the Medical Area Microbiology
Research subject
Medical Virology
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-253133ISBN: 978-91-6850-060-7 (print)ISBN: 978-91-6850-061-4 (electronic)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:umu-253133DiVA, id: diva2:2059875
Public defence
2026-06-12, Hörsal Betula, Umeå, 13:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2026-05-22 Created: 2026-05-13 Last updated: 2026-05-13Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Human AdV-20-42-42, a promising novel adenoviral vector for gene therapy and vaccine product development
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Human AdV-20-42-42, a promising novel adenoviral vector for gene therapy and vaccine product development
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2021 (English)In: Journal of Virology, ISSN 0022-538X, E-ISSN 1098-5514, Vol. 95, no 22, article id e00387-21Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Preexisting immune responses toward adenoviral vectors limit the use of a vector based on particular serotypes and its clinical applicability for gene therapy and/or vaccination. Therefore, there is a significant interest in vectorizing novel adenoviral types that have low seroprevalence in the human population. Here, we describe the discovery and vectorization of a chimeric human adenovirus, which we call HAdV-20-42-42. Full-genome sequencing revealed that this virus is closely related to human serotype 42, except for the penton base, which is derived from serotype 20. The HAdV-20-42-42 vector could be propagated stably to high titers on existing E1-complementing packaging cell lines. Receptor-binding studies revealed that the vector utilized both CAR and CD46 as receptors for cell entry. Furthermore, the HAdV-20-42-42 vector was potent in transducing human and murine cardiovascular cells and tissues, irrespective of the presence of blood coagulation factor X. In vivo characterizations demonstrate that when delivered intravenously (i.v.) in mice, HAdV-20-42-42 mainly targeted the lungs, liver, and spleen and triggered robust inflammatory immune responses. Finally, we demonstrate that potent T-cell responses against vector-delivered antigens could be induced upon intramuscular vaccination in mice. In summary, from the data obtained we conclude that HAdV-20-42-42 provides a valuable addition to the portfolio of adenoviral vectors available to develop efficacious products in the fields of gene therapy and vaccination.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
American Society for Microbiology, 2021
Keywords
Cell and tissue transduction, Expression vector, Low seroprevalence, Novel adenovirus serotype, Potent T-cell responses
National Category
Microbiology in the medical area
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-189474 (URN)10.1128/JVI.00387-21 (DOI)000718339200005 ()34469243 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85118238152 (Scopus ID)
Funder
EU, Horizon 2020, 825670EU, FP7, Seventh Framework Programme, 324325
Available from: 2021-11-16 Created: 2021-11-16 Last updated: 2026-05-13Bibliographically approved
2. CD46 is a cellular receptor for species D human adenovirus
Open this publication in new window or tab >>CD46 is a cellular receptor for species D human adenovirus
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2025 (English)In: mBio, ISSN 2161-2129, E-ISSN 2150-7511, Vol. 16, no 11, article id e0158725Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Human adenovirus species D (HAdV-D) contains two-thirds of all known HAdV types (116 in total) and is important as a vector in clinical applications. However, the broad tropism exhibited by several HAdV-D types poses challenges for their use as targeted gene delivery vectors. Since adenoviral tropism is largely governed by receptor usage, we aimed to determine the relative importance of known adenovirus receptors in mediating infection by different HAdV-D types. Here, we generated A549 single-cell CRISPR/Cas9 knockout clones of desmoglein 2 (DSG2), CD46, the coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor (CAR), and cytidine monophosphate N-acetylneuraminic acid synthetase (CMAS; needed for biosynthesis of sialic acid-containing glycans), and assessed their relative importance for infection by 18 different HAdV-D types. We show that CD46 is the most important receptor for a majority of species D HAdVs. Minor changes in infection levels were noted with A549-ΔCAR and A549-ΔDSG2 cells, whereas A549-ΔCMAS cells displayed an increased susceptibility to infection. We proceed to show that HAdV-D types require CD46 for efficient attachment to A549 cells, and surface plasmon resonance analysis demonstrates that their hexon proteins bind CD46 in an avidity-dependent manner. Strategies to retarget HAdV-D vectors should thus consider hexon-CD46 interactions as a critical determinant of tropism, as CD46 is broadly expressed in vivo. These results increase our understanding of adenovirus-host interactions and will guide the development and targeting of vectors based on HAdV-D types. IMPORTANCE: Several human adenovirus species D (HAdV-D) types are currently used, or under development, as viral vectors for vaccines and gene delivery. However, the unusually broad tropism observed in many HAdV-D types limits their specificity and effectiveness as targeted vectors. Since tropism is largely governed by receptor usage, and previous studies have reported conflicting findings on receptor preferences within this species, clarifying receptor usage is essential. In this study, we systematically investigated receptor usage in 18 different HAdV-D types and identified CD46 as the primary receptor. Since CD46 is widely expressed across human tissues, our findings explain the broad cellular tropism of these viruses and provide valuable insight for the rational design and refinement of HAdV-D-based vectors.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
American Society for Microbiology, 2025
Keywords
adenovirus, CD46, receptor-ligand interaction, vector biology, virus-host interactions
National Category
Microbiology in the Medical Area Medical Biotechnology (Focus on Cell Biology, (incl. Stem Cell Biology), Molecular Biology, Microbiology, Biochemistry or Biopharmacy)
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-246785 (URN)10.1128/mbio.01587-25 (DOI)001575516100001 ()40980888 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-105021474222 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Swedish Research Council, 2023-01831Swedish Research Council, 2019-01472Swedish Cancer Society, 22 2005 PjSwedish Cancer Society, CAN 2018/771EU, Horizon Europe, 101098647
Available from: 2025-11-26 Created: 2025-11-26 Last updated: 2026-05-13Bibliographically approved
3. Lactoferricin enables adenovirus infection of human skeletal muscle cells
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Lactoferricin enables adenovirus infection of human skeletal muscle cells
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2025 (English)In: NPJ Viruses, E-ISSN 2948-1767, Vol. 3, no 1, article id 62Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Although adenoviruses (AdVs) possess advantageous features as vectors, several challenges remain. These include a high prevalence of neutralizing antibodies against certain AdV types and the inability to efficiently transduce CAR-deficient cells and tissues. We showed previously that lactoferricin (Lfcin) enhances CAR-independent HAdV-C5 infection of epithelial and T-cells. Here, we assessed the ability of Lfcin to enable HAdV-C5 infection and transduction of human skeletal muscle cells. Lfcin increases HAdV-C5 infection and transduction of muscle myoblasts and myotubes by 10- to 30-fold. Enhanced infection correlates with increased cell binding, which differs mechanistically from that of coagulation factor X-mediated binding, as it remains unaffected by the removal of heparan sulfate. Additionally, Lfcin reduces the neutralizing effects of serum against HAdV-C5, suggesting it may shield key epitopes. By enabling viral binding to muscle cells and mitigating serum neutralization, Lfcin offers a novel strategy to improve the efficiency and durability of HAdV-C5-based gene delivery systems.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Springer Nature, 2025
National Category
Medical Biotechnology (Focus on Cell Biology, (incl. Stem Cell Biology), Molecular Biology, Microbiology, Biochemistry or Biopharmacy) Microbiology in the Medical Area
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-246913 (URN)10.1038/s44298-025-00144-7 (DOI)001578516300001 ()40826223 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-105022271801 (Scopus ID)
Funder
EU, Horizon Europe, 10109864Swedish Research Council, 2023-01831Swedish Research Council, 2019–0147Swedish Cancer Society, 22 2005 PjSwedish Cancer Society, CAN 2018/771
Available from: 2025-11-28 Created: 2025-11-28 Last updated: 2026-05-13Bibliographically approved

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