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Biochars and hydrochars for the adsorption of organic contaminants from wastewater
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry. University of Rwanda. (Environmental Chemistry)ORCID iD: 0000-0001-9911-7396
2026 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)Alternative title
Biokol och hydrokol för adsorption av organiska föroreningar från avloppsvatten (Swedish)
Abstract [en]

The continuous release of pharmaceuticals, pesticides, polyphenols, and other organic contaminants into aquatic environments threatens water quality, public health, and ecosystem stability. The problem is especially severe in low-resource regions, where limited treatment infrastructure can lead to the direct discharge of untreated wastewater. This thesis focuses on the potential of biochars and hydrochars produced from locally available biomass residues as sustainable, low-cost adsorbents for reducing organic contaminants in various wastewaters. Through four interconnected studies, it examines the occurrence of organic contaminants in wastewaters and rivers in Rwanda, the performance of different chars, and the production factors that govern adsorption behaviour.  High-resolution LC-MS/MS was used to analyse samples. In a study focused on hotspots, hospital effluent was shown to contain elevated concentrations of pharmaceuticals; one of the 28 pharmaceuticals investigated had a concentration up to 24000 ng/L. In the Nyabugogo River in Rwanda, 57 pharmaceuticals, five pesticides, and four polyphenols were detected, with average concentrations ranging from 960 ng/L for pharmaceuticals to 70 ng/L and 49 ng/L for pesticides and polyphenols, respectively. Spatial patterns showed that pharmaceuticals were most prevalent in urban areas, while pesticides and polyphenols were most abundant in the rural and agricultural regions of the Nyabugogo River. Temporal patterns revealed permanent pollution sources. To address these pollution challenges, adsorption experiments were performed using biochars and hydrochars produced from coffee pulp and husk, bagasse, softwood and bark under different thermochemical conditions. Cookstove biochars showed moderate pharmaceutical removal (14–66%). Hydrochars from coffee waste effectively removed polyphenols from coffee processing wastewater, achieving 100% removal, while higher-temperature biochars removed pesticides with 75% average removal. A systematic investigation of gasification conditions showed that increasing char conversion from 0% to 10% under a reactive gasification atmosphere produced the greatest improvement in surface area and removal efficiency, which plateaued at near-complete removal beyond this threshold; biochars produced under a nitrogen atmosphere were comparatively less effective. Bark-derived biochars consistently achieved high removal (>90%), while husk-derived materials mainly improved from 10% of char conversion. These findings indicate that biochars and hydrochars derived from locally available agro-industrial residues can act as adsorbents for organic contaminants adsorption with potential relevance for sustainable water treatment in resource-limited regions. 

Abstract [sv]

Dagens kontinuerliga tillförsel av läkemedel, bekämpningsmedel, polyfenoler och andra organiska föroreningar till akvatiska miljöer hotar vattenkvalitet, folkhälsa och ekosystemens stabilitet globalt. Problemet är särskilt allvarligt i resurssvaga regioner, där tex begränsad reningsinfrastruktur kan leda till att orenat avloppsvatten släpps ut direkt i miljön. Denna avhandling undersöker potentialen hos biokol och hydrokol, framställda från biomasserester, som kostnadseffektiva adsorbenter för att minska halten organiska föroreningar i olika typer av avloppsvatten. Genom fyra sammanlänkade studier analyseras; förekomsten av organiska föroreningar i avloppsvatten och floder i Rwanda; hur olika kolmaterial adsorberar; samt vilka produktions-faktorer som styr deras adsorptionsbeteende. Högupplösande LC MS/MS användes för att analysera proverna. En av studierna fokuserade på hotspots och visade att sjukhusavloppsvatten innehöll förhöjda halter av läkemedel; ett av de 28 undersökta läkemedlen uppmättes till så höga koncentrationer som 24 000 ng/L. I Nyabugogofloden i Rwanda påträffades 57 läkemedel, fem bekämpningsmedel och fyra polyfenoler, med genomsnittshalter på 960 ng/L för läkemedel, 70 ng/L för bekämpningsmedel och 49 ng/L för polyfenoler. Studien visade att läkemedel var vanligast i urbana områden, medan bekämpningsmedel och polyfenoler dominerade i flodens jordbrukspräglade delar. För att möta dessa förorenings-utmaningar genomfördes adsorptionsförsök med biokol och hydrokol framställda från kaffebönrester och -skal, sockerrörrester, barrved och bark under olika termokemiska förhållanden. Biokol från enkla spisar visade måttlig avskiljning av läkemedel (14–66 %). Hydrokol från kaffeavfall avlägsnade däremot effektivt polyfenoler från kaffeprocess-vatten och uppnådde 100 % avskiljning, medan biokol producerat vid högre temperaturer avlägsnade bekämpningsmedel med cirka 75 % effektivitet i genomsnitt. En systematisk undersökning av gasifieringsförhållanden visade att en ökning av kolomvandlingen från 0 % till 10 % under en reaktiv gasifieringsatmosfär gav den största förbättringen i specifik yta och avskiljningsförmåga, varefter effekten planade ut. Gasifiering under inert N₂ atmosfär var betydligt mindre effektiv. Biokol från bark uppnådde konsekvent hög avskiljning (>90 %), medan material från kaffeskal främst förbättrades efter 10 % kolomvandling. Sammantaget visar resultaten att biokol och hydrokol, framställda från lokalt tillgängliga restströmmar från jordbruksaktiviteter, kan fungera som adsorbenter för organiska föroreningar och därmed har potential att bidra till hållbar vattenrening i resurssvaga regioner.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Umeå University, 2026. , p. 64
Keywords [en]
Biochar, hydrochar, adsorption, organic contaminants, wastewater
National Category
Chemical Sciences Environmental Sciences Water Engineering
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-253269ISBN: 978-91-6850-029-4 (print)ISBN: 978-91-6850-030-0 (electronic)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:umu-253269DiVA, id: diva2:2060587
Public defence
2026-06-12, Stora hörsalen, KBC-huset, Umeå, 09:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
Sida - Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency
Note

Link to participate via Zoom: https://umu.zoom.us/j/6258137281

Password: Gitte1

Available from: 2026-05-22 Created: 2026-05-18 Last updated: 2026-05-19Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. The ability of biochars from cookstoves to remove pharmaceuticals and personal care products from hospital wastewater
Open this publication in new window or tab >>The ability of biochars from cookstoves to remove pharmaceuticals and personal care products from hospital wastewater
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2023 (English)In: Environmental Technology & Innovation, ISSN 2352-1864, Vol. 32, article id 103391Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Adequate treatment of wastewater to remove micropollutants constitutes a major concern globally. Despite this, large volumes of untreated wastewater are released into the environment, mainly due to the cost involved. Biochars have been suggested to have the potential to remove pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCP) from wastewater, but, adsorption potential needs to be investigated further. Production of biochars should also preferably be sustainable and based on low-cost materials. This study investigated the ability of nine biochars produced in three cookstoves and from three feedstocks. All biochars were characterized and then applied in adsorption experiments, based on authentic hospital effluent. Our analytical method included 32 pharmaceuticals and personal care products, and 28 of these were detected and quantified in hospital wastewater effluent samples. Some PPCP were present in relatively high concentrations (more than 24 µg/L). Adsorption experiments showed that the biochars used in the investigation had average removal rates (RR) ranging from 14.2% to 65.5%. Removal rates also varied between and within cookstoves and feedstock. Although cookstove biochars with a low surface area in this study generally showed lower removal rates, results from surface characterization were not detailed enough to correlate the physicochemical properties of the pollutants with the adsorption. Further characterizations are therefore needed to point out the most important parameters involved in PPCP adsorption on cookstove biochars.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier, 2023
Keywords
Biochar cookstove, Feedstock, Hospital wastewater, PPCPs, Removal rate
National Category
Environmental Sciences Water Treatment
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-215394 (URN)10.1016/j.eti.2023.103391 (DOI)001098186400001 ()2-s2.0-85173621784 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Sida - Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency
Available from: 2023-10-27 Created: 2023-10-27 Last updated: 2026-05-18Bibliographically approved
2. Coffee pulp and husk-derived hydrochars and biochars adsorb polyphenols and pesticides from wastewater
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Coffee pulp and husk-derived hydrochars and biochars adsorb polyphenols and pesticides from wastewater
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2026 (English)In: Environmental Technology & Innovation, ISSN 2352-1864, Vol. 41, article id 104739Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Coffee processing generates significant amounts of wastewater rich in organic compounds and sometimes also pesticides. This poses environmental challenges for producing regions. This study aimed to assist coffee producers by providing local waste management solutions by examining the adsorption efficiency of hydrochars and biochars derived from coffee pulps (CP) and coffee husks (CH) in removing polyphenols and pesticides from coffee processing wastewater (CPWW). These materials were tested for the adsorption of selected polyphenols and pesticides from CPWW. Hydrochars exhibited high removal efficiencies for polyphenols (up to 100 %), primarily via hydrogen bonding, while biochars effectively adsorbed hydrophobic pesticides (removal efficiencies up to ∼75 %) through hydrophobic interactions. Adsorption data fitted the Freundlich isotherm, indicating multilayer adsorption, and kinetic analyses suggested complex mechanisms involving both physisorption and chemisorption. These findings demonstrate the potential of coffee waste-derived chars to serve as sustainable adsorbents for mitigating pollution from CPWW, offering a promising local waste management strategy in coffee-producing countries.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier, 2026
Keywords
Coffee Byproduct Valorization, Coffee Processing Wastewater Treatment, Hydrochar and Biochar Adsorption, Pesticide Adsorption, Polyphenol Removal
National Category
Environmental Sciences Environmental Sciences and Nature Conservation
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-249147 (URN)10.1016/j.eti.2025.104739 (DOI)2-s2.0-105027988814 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Sida - Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency
Available from: 2026-02-03 Created: 2026-02-03 Last updated: 2026-05-18Bibliographically approved
3. Occurrence and variability of pharmaceuticals, pesticides, and polyphenols in Nyabugogo River, Rwanda
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Occurrence and variability of pharmaceuticals, pesticides, and polyphenols in Nyabugogo River, Rwanda
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Keywords
Organic contaminants, River pollution, Urban discharges, Spatiotemporal variability, Rwanda
National Category
Chemical Sciences Environmental Sciences Water Engineering
Research subject
environmental science
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-253258 (URN)
Funder
Sida - Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency
Available from: 2026-05-18 Created: 2026-05-18 Last updated: 2026-05-19Bibliographically approved
4. Influence of char conversion under gasification conditions on the adsorption performance  for organic contaminants in wastewater
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Influence of char conversion under gasification conditions on the adsorption performance  for organic contaminants in wastewater
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(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

B

Keywords
Bicochar, adsorption, organic contaminants, wastewater, gasification atmosphere, nitrogen atmosphere, char conversion
National Category
Chemical Sciences Environmental Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-253259 (URN)
Available from: 2026-05-18 Created: 2026-05-18 Last updated: 2026-05-19Bibliographically approved

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Mukarunyana, Brigitte

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