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Ground truth heterogeneity: exploring development and non-clinical use of retrieval-augmented generation chatbot in healthcare
Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Informatics.
Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Informatics.
Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Informatics.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-0602-5404
2026 (English)In: ECIS 2026 Proceedings, Association for Information Systems, 2026Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) architecture enhances large language models (LLMs) by incorporating external, domain-specific data sources, thereby reducing hallucinations and improving response accuracy. This approach departs from purely generative systems and offers a scalable, cost-efficient alternative for enhancing LLMs. However, the construction of ground truth to enable evolvability (ability to integrate new data continuously) and adaptability (ability to adjust responses to user context and intents dynamically) remains challenging. This study investigates how the challenges of establishing ground truth manifest at the organizational, unit, team, and individual levels within a countywide Swedish healthcare organization. Our analysis reveals that the main challenges stem from the heterogeneity of knowledge practices, which complicate the creation of reliable retrieval from the knowledge base. Furthermore, we identify a trade-off between attempts to enhance accuracy and maintain contextual relevance. These findings contribute practical insights into the micro-foundations of evolvability and adaptability in RAG-based chatbot development.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Association for Information Systems, 2026.
Series
ECIS 2026 Proceedings, E-ISSN 2184-1934 ; 16
Keywords [en]
Retrieval-Augmented Generation, Ground Truth, Generative Artificial Intelligence, Knowledge Heterogeneity, Chatbot.
National Category
Information Systems
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-255398OAI: oai:DiVA.org:umu-255398DiVA, id: diva2:2076410
Conference
Thirty-Fourth European Conference on Information Systems (ECIS 2026), June 15-17, 2026, Milan, Italy
Available from: 2026-06-22 Created: 2026-06-22 Last updated: 2026-06-23Bibliographically approved

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Alaie, ParisimaVallgren, ErikSandberg, Johan

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CiteExportLink to record
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Citation style
  • apa
  • ieee
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Language
  • de-DE
  • en-GB
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  • nn-NO
  • nn-NB
  • sv-SE
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Output format
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  • asciidoc
  • rtf