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ArctiHealth: expanding the knowledge of riskmanagement, health effects and experiences of occupational cold exposure
Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Global Health.
2026 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)Alternative title
ArctiHealth : fördjupad kunskap om riskhantering, hälsoeffekter och upplevelser av kyla i arbetslivet (Swedish)
Abstract [en]

Background: Cold is a defining feature of everyday life for people living and working in northern Sweden. According to international standards for cold risk management, cold is defined as temperatures below +10°C. In northern Sweden, the rapidly changing Arctic climate intensifies environmental exposures due to its unpredictability, especially for outdoor workers, thereby increasing the risk of accidents and work-related diseases from temperature fluctuations, icy surfaces, moisture, and insufficient lighting. Effective cold risk management is therefore essential for safeguarding the health of workers in these regions.

Depending on the type of work, activity, and subjective experiences of cold exposure, flexible solutions to protect personnel are required. Because preventive measures can differ from workplace to workplace, risk management, including preventive actions and risk assessments, needs to be a part of the everyday routine. With the expanding green transition in the Arctic region, it is essential to highlight the importance of the work environment and health to prevent adverse health effects and promote a sustainable working life.

This thesis aims to advance knowledge of occupational exposure to cold climates in preschools, park and maintenance, and power grid sectors in northern Sweden. By examining the extent of cold exposure, related health effects, and impacts on comfort and performance, as well as current risk management practices across occupational groups and sexes, this thesis seeks to identify ways to reduce workplace risks and promote health and equity.

Methods: This thesis consists of four studies that use both quantitative and qualitative methods. For Paper I, a scoping review was performed using the PRISMA ScR extension. For Papers II+III+IV, a cross-sectional design was used, and data were collected from three different occupational sectors: preschool, park and maintenance, and power grid workers, all located in northern Sweden. Technical measurements of temperature and physical activity were collected during a workday (Paper II). Participants were also asked to answer a digital survey consisting of 50 questions regarding subjective experiences of working in cold environments, self-assessed health, and risk management of cold exposure (Papers II+III). Semi-structured interviews were conducted, and qualitative content analysis was used (Paper IV).

Results: Formalised knowledge and use of cold risk management are lacking, and previous research has mainly focused on theoretical and technical risk assessment, leaving practical adaptations and knowledge translation behind (Paper I). Of the 132 participating outdoor workers in northern Sweden, one-third reported that they often or always felt cold during work. An average of 29% (2.2 hours) of a normal workday was spent working in temperatures below 10℃ across these professions (Paper II). Women reported cold-related discomfort more frequently than men, and cold sensitivity and Raynaud's phenomenon were most common among park and maintenance workers. An association between cold-related discomfort and increased reporting of musculoskeletal symptoms, cold sensitivity, and performance outcomes, including decreased concentration and mobility, was found (Paper III). Powergrid workers received full protective workwear from outer to inner layers from their employer; Park and maintenance workers received full outerwear, shoes, gloves, and hats, whereas preschool workers received only one outer layer and rarely received gloves, hats, or shoes (Paper III+IV). Workers and managers explained how structural conditions regarding workwear create inequalities across occupational settings, and that cold risk management is handled by individuals and working groups but lacks formal procedures within occupational health and safety management (Paper IV).

Conclusion: This thesis emphasised that workers in northern Sweden experience substantial cold exposure and need to take measures to mitigate the risks. Current cold risk approaches fail to account for individual differences and gendered issues, suggesting a need for more equity-oriented solutions. These combined novel findings highlight the need to shift cold exposure from a taken-for-granted condition to a recognised occupational health issue, underscoring the importance of moving beyond an individual self-management approach towards an organisational structure.

Abstract [sv]

Bakgrund: Kalla temperaturer är ett vanligt inslag i vardagen för människor som bor och arbetar i norra Sverige. Enligt den internationella standarden för riskhantering av kyla definieras kyla som temperaturer under +10°C. De arktiska klimatförhållandena som förekommer i norra Sverige kan innebära stora risker för individen, framför allt för utomhusarbetare. Ökade risker för olyckor och arbetsrelaterade sjukdomar på grund av temperaturvariationer, hala ytor, fukt och otillräckliga ljusförhållanden är vanligt förekommande. En effektiv hantering av köldexponering är därför avgörande för att skydda arbetstagarnas hälsa i dessa regioner.

För att kunna skydda individen på en arbetsplats krävs flexibla lösningar som tar hänsyn till arbetsuppgifter, aktivitetsnivå och individens upplevelser. Dessa lösningar kan skilja sig mellan arbetsplatser och riskhanteringen behöver vara en del av den dagliga rutinen. I takt med den växande gröna omställningen i den arktiska regionen blir det allt viktigare att uppmärksamma arbetsmiljö och hälsa för att kunna förebygga negativa hälsoeffekter och främja ett hållbart arbetsliv.

Syftet med avhandlingen är att fördjupa kunskapen om arbetsrelaterad köldexponering, med särskilt fokus på förskolepersonal, park- och underhållsarbete samt distributionselektriker i norra Sverige. Genom att undersöka omfattningen av köldexponering, relaterade hälsoeffekter samt påverkan på komfort och prestationsförmåga, liksom nuvarande riskhanteringsmetoder för arbete i kallt klimat, strävar avhandlingen efter att främja arbetsrelaterad hälsa, minska arbetsmiljörisker och bidra till jämlikhet.

Metod: Avhandlingen består av fyra studier som använder både kvantitativa och kvalitativa metoder. I den första studien genomfördes en scoping review enligt PRISMA ScR-riktlinjerna. En tvärsnittsdesign användes i de resterande tre studierna där data samlades in från chefer och medarbetare i de tre olika yrkessektorerna i norra Sverige. Tekniska mätningar av temperatur och fysisk aktivitet samlades in under en arbetsdag (Studie II). Deltagarna besvarade en digital enkät om subjektiva upplevelser av arbete i kalla miljöer, självskattad hälsa och hantering av köldrisker (Studier II och III). Semi-struktureradeivintervjuer genomfördes och analyserades med kvalitativ innehållsanalys (Studie IV).

Resultat: Ett tydligt formaliserat arbete för att förebygga köldrelaterade risker saknas idag. Tidigare forskning handlar främst om teoretiska och tekniska mätningar, medan praktisk användning av kunskapen har fått mindre uppmärksamhet (Studie I). En tredjedel av de 132 utomhusarbetarna uppgav att de ofta eller alltid fryser under en arbetsdag. I genomsnitt arbetade deltagarna två timmar i temperaturer under 10°C under en arbetsdag (Studie II). Kvinnor rapporterade en högre grad av köldrelaterat obehag än män. Köldskänslighet och vita fingrar (Raynauds fenomen) var vanligast bland park- och underhållsarbetare. Ett samband identifierades mellan köldrelaterat obehag och en ökad rapportering av muskuloskeletala symtom, köldkänslighet samt nedsatt prestation i form av minskad koncentration och rörlighet (Studie III). Tillgången till skyddsutrustning och arbetskläder varierade mellan yrkesgrupperna. Distributionselektriker fick komplett skyddsutrustning, från ytterlager till innerlager, av arbetsgivaren, medan park- och underhållsarbetare fick full ytterutrustning: skor, handskar och mössor. Förskolepersonal fick däremot ofta bara ett ytterplagg och hade sällan tillgång till handskar, mössor eller skor (Studierna III och IV). Rutiner för hantering av kyla saknades i det systematiska arbetsmiljöarbetet. Detta innebär att individer och arbetsgrupper behöver hantera köldrisker på egen hand. De systematiska skillnaderna som upptäcktes mellan arbetssektorer skapar ojämlikheter i riskhantering av kyla (Studie IV).

Slutsats: Avhandlingen visade att arbetstagare i norra Sverige utsätts för betydande köldexponering, vilket behöver hanteras för att minska riskerna. Nuvarande strategier tar inte hänsyn till individuella skillnader eller könsrelaterade aspekter. Det finns därmed ett behov av mer jämlikhetsinriktade lösningar. Resultaten visar att köldexponering behöver ses som en strukturell risk, där hanteringen lyfts från det individuella ansvarstagandet till en mer organisatoriskt förankrad struktur.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Umeå: Umeå University, 2026. , p. 77
Series
Umeå University medical dissertations, ISSN 0346-6612 ; 2432
Keywords [en]
cold climate, risk management, working conditions, protective factors, occupational health, child day care centres, parks, maintenance, electric wiring, qualitative research, wearable electronic devices, organizational culture, gender equity
National Category
Occupational Health and Environmental Health
Research subject
Occupational and Environmental Medicine
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-257658ISBN: 978-91-6850-069-0 (print)ISBN: 978-91-6850-070-6 (electronic)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:umu-257658DiVA, id: diva2:2092893
Public defence
2026-09-11, ULED.A.310 Triple Helix, Umeå universitet, Umeå, 13:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

Link to participate via Zoom: https://umu.zoom.us/j/64947657580

Available from: 2026-08-21 Created: 2026-08-17 Last updated: 2026-08-21Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Risk management of working in cold environments: a scoping review
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2025 (English)In: Journal of Northern Studies, ISSN 1654-5915, E-ISSN 2004-4658, Vol. 17, no 2, p. 8-29Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Millions of people are exposed to cold environments daily. Adverse health risks are prominent for outdoor and cold storage workers. Therefore, a systematic risk management approach is highly motivated. This scoping review aimed to describe the current knowledge regarding risk management of cold exposure hazards in the occupational setting. We also examined differences between sexes in risk management practices regarding cold exposure.

The review included 25 peer-reviewed papers from 1980 to current in English and the Nordic languages, which could be divided into two categories: risk assessment and risk treatment. The risk assessment category included 17 papers, which investigated specific topics such as personal protective equipment, models for thermal balance, and individual differences regarding sex and body mass index. The risk treatment category included eight peer-reviewed papers, which emphasised the use of different protective or preventive measures and highlighted the importance of successful implementation and improvement of good practices.

To conclude, the previous literature on risk management of cold work was mainly oriented around technical risk assessment. However, there seems to be a lack of knowledge regarding implementation, resulting in inadequate protection for workers. Moreover, research was scarce regarding sex-dependent differences in risk management among workers exposed to cold.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Umeå University, 2025
Keywords
cold climate, working conditions, protective measures, primary prevention, implementation science, occupational health, risk assessment, protective clothing, legislation
National Category
Public Health, Global Health and Social Medicine
Research subject
Occupational and Environmental Medicine; Public health; Epidemiology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-246861 (URN)10.36368/jns.v17i2.1318 (DOI)
Funder
Region Västerbotten, RV-980109Region Västerbotten, RV-993695
Available from: 2025-11-26 Created: 2025-11-26 Last updated: 2026-08-17Bibliographically approved
2. Cold exposure among outdoor workers in the Arctic setting
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2025 (English)In: International Journal of Circumpolar Health, ISSN 1239-9736, E-ISSN 2242-3982, Vol. 84, no 1, article id 2561278Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The main aim of this study was to describe the degree of cold exposure and occupational physical activity within three different outdoor occupational groups in northern Sweden using both technical measurements and self-reported survey items. The cold exposure and physical activity of workers in preschool, park and maintenance and power grid sectors (N = 133) were examined using a digital survey, temperature loggers and thigh-worn accelerometers. In the survey, 33% of workers indicated that they often or always felt cold at work, and 39% reported that they had inadequate knowledge about cold weather protection. The median (interquartile range, IQR) duration of working at ambient temperatures below 10°C was 131 (157) minutes. The physical activity while working outdoors was composed of sitting (20%), standing (54%) and walking (26%). About one-third of the participants reported that they often or always felt cold at their workplace, with an average of more than two hours spent outside at temperatures below 10°C. Possible remedies include increasing physical activity and improving thermal insulation of the clothing.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Taylor & Francis, 2025
Keywords
child day care centers, cold climate, electric wiring, Occupational, parks, recreational, temperature, wearable electronic devices
National Category
Epidemiology Public Health, Global Health and Social Medicine Occupational Health and Environmental Health
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-244760 (URN)10.1080/22423982.2025.2561278 (DOI)40985813 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-105016770886 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Region Västerbotten, RV-980109Region Västerbotten, RV-993695
Available from: 2025-09-29 Created: 2025-09-29 Last updated: 2026-08-17Bibliographically approved
3. Thermal comfort, health, and performance effects among outdoor workers in northern Sweden
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2026 (English)In: Annals of Work Exposures and Health, ISSN 2398-7308, E-ISSN 2398-7316, Vol. 70, no 3, article id wxag025Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Objectives: To investigate subjective differences in thermal comfort, health, and performance outcomes between different outdoor professions and the sexes. The current study also aimed to explore whether thermal comfort affected health and performance outcomes.

Method: A questionnaire was used to collect data from three different professions: preschool (n = 65), park and maintenance (n = 36), and power grid workers (n = 31). The questionnaire contained items related to background variables (sex, age, body mass index, tobacco use, pre-existing diseases, and clothes provided by the employer), thermal comfort, self-assessed health, and performance outcomes.

Results: The findings show that women, to a greater extent than men, experience cold-related discomfort while working in cold environments. Cold sensitivity was most common among park and maintenance workers (57%) and power grid workers (47%). Raynaud’s phenomenon and abnormal cold sensitivity were most common among park and maintenance workers, with a prevalence of 31% and 56%, respectively. Statistically significant differences were also found in all reported performance outcomes (concentration, endurance, mobility, strength, and speed) between the different professions. Associations between cold-related discomfort and an increased reporting of health symptoms and a decrease in performance outcomes were found.

Conclusion: There were differences in perceived thermal comfort, health, and performance outcomes between different outdoor professions and sexes. The associations between cold-related discomfort, cold-related symptoms, and decreased performance indicate a need to implement cold risk management to ensure a safe work environment.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Oxford University Press, 2026
Keywords
occupational, cold climate, temperature, child day care centers, parks and recreational, electric wiring, risk management, Raynaud's phenomenon, respiratory symptoms, musculoskeletal symptoms
National Category
Public Health, Global Health and Social Medicine Occupational Health and Environmental Health
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-252514 (URN)10.1093/annweh/wxag025 (DOI)001743110000001 ()41996589 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-105035972985 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Umeå UniversityRegion Västerbotten, RV-980109Region Västerbotten, RV-993695
Available from: 2026-04-27 Created: 2026-04-27 Last updated: 2026-08-17Bibliographically approved
4. Occupational cold risk management in northern Sweden: a qualitative study
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(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Objectives: This study aimed to explore how cold risk management practices are adopted within different outdoor occupations by examining the experiences of employers and employees in handling cold exposure in northern climates.

Methods: 24 semi-structured interviews were conducted with workers and managers in northern Sweden within three occupational sectors: preschool, park and maintenance, and power grid. An inductive qualitative content analysis approach was used.

Results: This study found two emerging themes: Cold risk management is handled by individuals and working groups, but there is a lack of formal procedures, and Structural conditions regarding clothing create inequalities between the occupational sectors. The interviews revealed how formal cold risk management plans are not in place within the organisational structure, and that protective action and daily handling of climate issues therefore fall to the workers. Participants also described knowledge and culture as important factors in the dialogue on cold risk management. They also emphasised the complexity of protecting oneself from cold weather and challenges regarding the procurement and the availability of clothing.

Conclusion: Within the organisational structure, there is a lack of formal guidance for managing cold risks. Individuals and groups have the flexibility and autonomy to manage cold risks on their own, but organisational differences create unequal opportunities between and within genders, sectors, and municipalities.

Keywords
Cold climate, Temperature, Child Day Care Centres, Parks and Recreation, Electric Wiring, Organisational culture, Gender equity
National Category
Health Sciences Occupational Health and Environmental Health
Research subject
Occupational and Environmental Medicine
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-257367 (URN)
Funder
Region Västerbotten, RV-980109, RV-993695Umeå University, Arctic Graduate Sch
Available from: 2026-08-10 Created: 2026-08-10 Last updated: 2026-08-18Bibliographically approved

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