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Reconciliation in transition-friendly support after the transfer to adult diabetes care: perspectives of emerging adults living with type 1 diabetes, parents, and diabetes specialist nurses
Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Nursing.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-0840-382X
2026 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)Alternative title
Försoning som del i övergångsvänligt stöd efter överföring till vuxendiabetesmottagning : perspektiv från unga vuxna som lever med typ 1 diabetes, föräldrar och diabetessjuksköterskor (Swedish)
Abstract [en]

Background: Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a lifelong disease. Handling self-management, adapting to self-care behaviours, and dealing with illness integration are reported as complex. In Sweden, the T1D patients are transferred from paediatric to adult diabetes care based on their age. In emerging adulthood, i.e. age 18–29, treatment outcomes are commonly sub-optimal, with decreased well-being. Emotional and existential aspects have a major impact, particularly in emerging adulthood due to the multiple concurrent transitions. The transfer is at the age of 18 in Sweden, and is commonly experienced as abrupt. Diabetes specialist nurses (DSNs) are described as having central support roles in this process. Parental support is valuable to maintain and sustain well-being; however, when EAs living with T1D move from paediatric to adult care, their parents are no longer automatically involved in the care. The literature on the transfer focuses mainly on preparations undertaken within paediatric care, with less consideration of the adult care perspective. The overall aim of this thesis was to highlight experiences and advocate for improved support for emerging adults living with T1D and their parents after the transfer to adult care.

Method: A total sample of 53 participants: EAs living with T1D (Study I), parents (Study II), and DSNs (Study III) was recruited via convenience and purposive sampling. The data collection began in the spring of 2021 and ended in the autumn of 2024. Both individual interviews (Studies I–III) and focus-group discussions with all three stakeholder groups (Study IV) were conducted, mainly digitally. Qualitative content analysis was used to analyse the data in Studies I-III. Constructivist grounded theory was used in Study IV. Additionally, I conducted a secondary analysis of all of the results that was inspired by qualitative content analysis.

Result: Overall, the emotional and existential aspects of living with T1D during emerging adulthood are not sufficiently included in the support provided to EAs and parents after the transfer from paediatric to adult care. EAs living with T1D (Study I) were dreaming of being nurtured towards self-reliance. They struggled to find balance in their daily lives, dealt with feelings of being different, wanted to be supported to gradually achieve independence, and wanted to be treated as unique people in healthcare. The parents (Study II) struggled to accept the loss of control and slowly loosening the ties of the close parent–child relationship. They relinquished the priorities of supervision, cherished their relationships, and progressed that EAs “flown the nest”. They also felt abruptly cut off after the transfer. The DSNs (Study III) had ambitions to optimise individual support but with hands tied by structural barriers. They concentrated on the individual and the caring relation and emphasised long-term objectives in self-management support while they struggled to provide accessible care. The “Transition-friendly transfer to adult care model” (Study IV), provided with a gathered understanding of support, highlighted a fundamental need to integrate transition aspects into the transfer process, and to do so using four key properties: flexible and person-centred care; emotional and existential attention; uniform and comprehensible organisation; and accessible everyday communication. The results are discussed in relation to the theoretical frameworks of transition theory, as developed by Meleis, and reconciliation based on the work of Eriksson and Gustafsson.

Conclusion: My thesis contributes with a synthesis of the results of the four previous papers, i.e. the support guidance Transition-friendly support after the transfer to adult diabetes care. This provides comprehensible and bridge-building care structures, assisted development of independence, a flexible and person-centred approach, and attention to reconciliation and existential processing. A transferrelated Swedish clinical decision support tool for transitional care was introduced in 2025, but the results of this thesis suggest that reconciliation and existential aspects are important during multiple transitions in emerging adulthood, and further emphasise how crucial support after the transfer is. DSNs are recommended to highlight reconciliation processes in T1D to support and guide EAs living with T1D and their parents so that they can reconcile with the consequences of the disease, particularly during transitions and transfer. During emerging adulthood, support that addresses personal strengths and that creates hope for the future is concluded as equally important to support in personal vulnerabilities. Organisational shifts towards more accessible and flexible care are suggested as being crucial to providing targeted support. Professional development for DSNs is suggested, particularly as regards emerging adulthood, developmental psychology, and reconciliation processes in T1D.

Abstract [sv]

Bakgrund: Typ 1 diabetes är en komplex och multidimensionell livslång sjukdom som kräver egenvård och beteendeanpassningar när sjukdomen behöver integreras i alla delar av livet. Under det unga vuxenlivet (”emerging adulthood”), 19–29 års åldern, är det vanligt förekommande med sämre välmående och icke-optimala behandlingsresultat. Känslomässiga och existentiella aspekter spelar stor roll, speciellt under unga vuxenlivet då många olika och stora övergångar/livsförändringar sker samtidigt. I Sverige sker överföringen från barn- till vuxendiabetesmottagning vid 18 års ålder och överföringen upplevs ofta som abrupt. Diabetessjuksköterskor beskrivs ofta ha en viktig stödjande roll i diabetesteamet. Stöd från föräldrar är också viktigt för unga vuxna för att säkerställa välmående, men på grund av skillnader mellan barn- och vuxensjukvård är föräldrarna inte längre självklart inkluderade i på vuxenmottagningen. Tidigare forskning gällande överföringen har till största del sin bas i barnsjukvården och fokuserar på förberedelser. Vi vet inte lika mycket om stöd efter överföringen, från ett vuxensjukvårdsperspektiv. Det övergripande syftet med denna avhandling var att belysa upplevelser för att förbättra och stärka stödet som erbjuds under unga vuxenlivet efter överföringen till vuxenmottagningen för unga som lever med typ 1 diabetes samt deras föräldrar.

Metod: Totalt 53 deltagare, unga vuxna som lever med typ 1 diabetes (Studie I), föräldrar (Studie II) och diabetessjuksköterskor från vuxensjukvård (Studie III) samt alla tre samlade perspektiv tillsammans (Studie IV) rekryterades genom tillgänglighet- och ändamålsenligt urval. Datainsamlingen startade under våren 2021 och avslutades under hösten 2024. Vi genomförde både individuella semistrukturerade intervjuer (i Studierna I–III) och fokusgruppdiskussioner med flera perspektiv (i Studie IV) främst digitalt. Analysmetoderna som användes var kvalitativ innehållsanalys (i Studierna I–III) och konstruktivistisk grounded theory (i Studie IV). Jag genomförde även en sekundäranalys (en syntes) av alla resultat inspirerad av kvalitativ innehållsanalys.

Resultat: Sammanfattningsvis, emotionella och existentiella aspekter av att leva med typ 1 diabetes under det unga vuxenlivet behöver stärkas i stödet som ges till unga vuxna och deras föräldrar efter överföringen från barn- till vuxenmottagning. Unga vuxna som lever med typ 1 diabetes, i Studie I, drömde om att bli stärkta mot ökad självtillit. De kämpade med att hitta en balans i vardagslivet, kände sig annorlunda jämfört med andra, stöttades i en gradvis självständighetsprocess och de önskade att bli bemötta som unika personer i diabetesvården. Föräldrar, i Studie II, kämpade för att acceptera kontrollförlust och sakta lossa banden i den hårt knutna barn-föräldrarelationen. De släppte på övervakning, värdesatte relationerna till sina vuxna barn, hanterade att de unga lämnade boet, men kände sig plötsligt avklippta från diabetesvården efter överföringen. Diabetessjuksköterskor, i Studie III, hade ambitioner att optimera det individuella stödet men med händerna bakbundna av strukturella barriärer. De fokuserade trots detta på individen och vårdrelationen samt förespråkade stöd med långsiktiga egenvårdsmål, samtidigt som de hanterade hinder för att ge tillgänglig diabetesvård. Modellen ”(Transitions-/ eller) Övergångsvänlig överföring till vuxensjukvård” (Studie IV) belyste ett grundläggande behov att integrera övergångsaspekter i överföringsprocessen inom ramen för fyra huvuddelar: flexibel och personcentrerad vård, uppmärksamhet kring känslomässiga och existentiella aspekter, en enhetlig och begriplig organisation och tillgänglig vardagskommunikation. Resultaten diskuterades i relation till transitionsteori utvecklad av Meleis och försoning enligt Eriksson och Gustafsson.

Slutsats: Syntesen av alla studier resulterade i rådgivningsstödet ”Övergångsvänligt stöd vid överföring till vuxendiabetesmottagning”. I rådgivningsstödet rekommenderas att diabetesvården erbjuder begripliga och brobyggande vårdstrukturer, ger guidning i utvecklingen av självständighet, erbjuder ett flexibelt och personcentrerat bemötande med fokus på försoning och existentiella aspekter under processen. År 2025 publicerades ett kliniskt kunskapsstöd gällande transitionsvård för unga personer som lever med typ 1 diabetes. Med avstamp från min avhandling, skulle detta kunskapsstöd kunna utökas med starkare implikationer gällande försoning och existentiella aspekter som är betydelsefulla under unga vuxenlivet och efter överföringen med hänsyn till att det sker många övergångar i livet samtidigt. Diabetessjuksköterskor rekommenderas belysa försoningsprocesser och stödja och guida personer som lever med typ 1 diabetes samt deras föräldrar att försonas med sjukdomens konsekvenser särskilt i samband med övergångar efter överföringen. Under unga vuxenlivet är det viktigt att också stödja styrkor och framtidstro, likaväl som stöd gällande sårbarheter. Organisatoriska förändringar behövs för att erbjuda mer tillgänglig och flexibel diabetesvård och säkerställa individuellt och riktat stöd. Professionell utveckling för diabetessjuksköterskor, gällande exempelvis ökad kunskap om unga vuxna och utvecklingspsykologi samt försoningsprocesser i samband med typ 1 diabetes föreslås.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Umeå: Umeå University, 2026. , p. 105
Series
Umeå University medical dissertations, ISSN 0346-6612 ; 2436
Keywords [en]
Adolescent, adult care, diabetes specialist nurse, emerging adult, emotional, existential, grounded theory, nursing, parents, qualitative content analysis, reconciliation, self-management, support, support guidance, transfer, transition, type 1 diabetes
Keywords [sv]
Diabetessjuksköterska, egenvård, existentiellt, försoning, föräldrar, grounded theory, kvalitativ innehållsanalys, känslomässigt, omvårdnad, stöd, support, stödjande rådgivning, typ 1 diabetes, ung vuxen, ungdom, vuxenmottagning, överföring, övergång
National Category
Nursing
Research subject
Caring Sciences
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-257711ISBN: 978-91-6850-106-2 (electronic)ISBN: 978-91-6850-105-5 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:umu-257711DiVA, id: diva2:2093082
Public defence
2026-09-11, Aula Biologica, Biologihuset, Umeå, 13:00 (Swedish)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2026-08-21 Created: 2026-08-18 Last updated: 2026-08-18Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Experiences of transition to adulthood and transfer to adult care in young adults with type 1 diabetes: a qualitative study
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Experiences of transition to adulthood and transfer to adult care in young adults with type 1 diabetes: a qualitative study
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2023 (English)In: Journal of Advanced Nursing, ISSN 0309-2402, E-ISSN 1365-2648, Vol. 79, no 12, p. 4621-4634Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Aim: To explore young adults' experiences of living with type 1 diabetes in the transition to adulthood, including experiences of the transfer from paediatric to adult care.

Design: A qualitative approach was used.

Method: Ten young adults, six women and four men, aged 19–29 years, participated. Participants were recruited at their regular diabetes clinic from spring 2021 to spring 2022. Semi-structured interviews were transcribed and analysed using qualitative content analysis.

Findings: Dreaming of being nurtured towards self-reliance was the overarching theme. Personal experiences of the transition to adulthood, including the transfer from paediatric to adult care, were described in terms of struggling to find balance in daily life, dealing with feelings of being different, being gradually supported to achieve independence, and wishing to be approached as a unique person in healthcare.

Conclusion: In healthcare, it is important to emphasize not only diabetes-related factors but also emotional and psychosocial aspects of life connected to the transition to adulthood, including the transfer to adult care. The young adults wished to be seen as unique persons in healthcare during their emerging adulthood and should therefore be supported to achieve self-reliance through personal preparations for new challenges and for the consequences of transitioning to adulthood. Specialist nurses can provide appropriate knowledge and leadership.

Implications for the Profession: These findings can guide nurse specialists in support for emerging adults to achieve self-reliance and indicate the importance of person-centred care when experiencing transition and transfer.

Reporting Method: The study adhered to EQUATOR guidelines, and the COREQ checklist for qualitative studies was used as the reporting method.

Keywords
adolescence, adult care, emerging adulthood, emotional aspects, experiences, nursing, psychosocial aspects, qualitative, transfer, transition, type 1 diabetes, young adults
National Category
Nursing
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-211810 (URN)10.1111/jan.15740 (DOI)001019706600001 ()37357405 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85162989601 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Diabetesfonden
Available from: 2023-07-11 Created: 2023-07-11 Last updated: 2026-08-18Bibliographically approved
2. Transition and transfer in adolescence and emerging adulthood in type 1 diabetes: a qualitative study of parents' experiences
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Transition and transfer in adolescence and emerging adulthood in type 1 diabetes: a qualitative study of parents' experiences
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2026 (English)In: Nursing Open, E-ISSN 2054-1058, Vol. 13, no 6, article id e70634Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Aim: To describe experiences of being a parent of a child with type 1 diabetes during adolescence and emerging adulthood, including during the transfer from paediatric to adult care.

Design: A qualitative approach was used.

Methods: Individual interviews started in February 2022 and continued to February 2023. Fourteen parents of emerging adults participated. Data were analysed using qualitative content analysis.

Findings: Being a parent of a child with type 1 diabetes involved struggling to accept the loss of control and slowly loosening the ties in the close parent–child relationship during adolescence and emerging adulthood. Parents were gradually reconciling with the illness that was turning the world upside down, making efforts to become a close-knit family team, relinquishing the priorities of supervision and instead cherishing the relationship, processing that the emerging adult is flying the nest and feeling abruptly cut off by healthcare during the transfer to adult care.

Conclusion: The findings were interpreted as outlining a transitional process among parents that started in the onset period, continuing throughout the life span to their children's emerging adulthood. Parents also transition into new roles along with their children. Parents' experiences of complex daily life, multiple transitions and the abrupt transfer from paediatric to adult care are important to acknowledge.

Clinical Implications for the Profession: Transfer is suggested to be carried out with consideration for the individuals' prerequisites and desires. Parents are important stakeholders guiding the transfer. In adult care, a more family-centred approach could help parents cope with new challenges in joint clinical visits. Parents should be welcomed to joint clinical visits in adult care with consent and parents could benefit from being offered support from nurses independently.

Reporting Method: The study adhered to EQUATOR guidelines and the COREQ checklist for qualitative studies was used as the reporting method.

Patient or Public Contribution: No patient or public contribution.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
John Wiley & Sons, 2026
Keywords
adolescence, adult care, emerging adulthood, experiences, nursing, paediatric care, parents, transfer, transition, type 1 diabetes
National Category
Nursing
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-256023 (URN)10.1002/nop2.70634 (DOI)001790208400001 ()42274130 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-105041357761 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Diabetesfonden
Available from: 2026-06-26 Created: 2026-06-26 Last updated: 2026-08-18Bibliographically approved
3. Diabetes specialist nurses’ experiences of supporting emerging adults living with type 1 diabetes mellitus after the transfer to adult care: a qualitative study
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Diabetes specialist nurses’ experiences of supporting emerging adults living with type 1 diabetes mellitus after the transfer to adult care: a qualitative study
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2025 (English)In: Nursing Research and Practice, ISSN 2090-1429, E-ISSN 2090-1437, Vol. 2025, no 1, article id 4036033Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Aim: To explore and describe the experiences of Swedish diabetes specialist nurses in supporting emerging adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus after the transfer from paediatric to adult care.

Background: The transfer from paediatric to adult care for emerging adults living with type 1 diabetes mellitus is a critical period that can impact their well-being and long-term health outcomes. Diabetes specialist nurses play a crucial role in supporting these individuals during the transitions in emerging adulthood. However, their experiences and challenges in providing optimal support have not been extensively studied.

Method: We used a qualitative descriptive design. Ten diabetes nurse specialists from six different Swedish hospitals participated in recorded individual interviews by video link or face-to-face using a semistructured interview guide. Data collection spanned from May to December 2023, and the data were analysed with qualitative content analysis. Informed consent was obtained.

Results: The main theme of the results was ambition to optimise individual support but with hands tied by structural barriers with three additional themes concentrating on the individual and the relationship, emphasising long-term objectives in self-management support, and struggling with obstacles to providing accessible care. The results indicate that while diabetes specialist nurses focus on building strong relationships and emphasise long-term goals in self-management support, they encounter significant obstacles when providing accessible care after the transfer to adult care.

Conclusion: Diabetes specialist nurses highlighted a need for education and training that extends beyond simply managing the medical condition, considering various life transitions and psychosocial challenges. The findings indicate that future standards for supportive interventions should prioritise existential and psychosocial factors. There is a lack of systematic national consensus on collaboration, as the diabetes specialist nurses reported differing experiences regarding transfers and continuity of care.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
John Wiley & Sons, 2025
National Category
Nursing
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-248224 (URN)10.1155/nrp/4036033 (DOI)001642812700001 ()41497566 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-105025592632 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Diabetesfonden
Available from: 2026-01-08 Created: 2026-01-08 Last updated: 2026-08-18Bibliographically approved
4. The adaptive support model Transition-Friendly Transfer to Adult Care: a grounded theory study with emerging adults living with type 1 diabetes, parents, and diabetes specialist nurses
Open this publication in new window or tab >>The adaptive support model Transition-Friendly Transfer to Adult Care: a grounded theory study with emerging adults living with type 1 diabetes, parents, and diabetes specialist nurses
Show others...
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
National Category
Nursing
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-257709 (URN)
Funder
Swedish Diabetes Association
Available from: 2026-08-17 Created: 2026-08-17 Last updated: 2026-08-18Bibliographically approved

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