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Biological and physiological effects of metabolic bariatric surgery
Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Diagnostics and Intervention.
2026 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)Alternative title
Biologiska och fysiologiska effekter av obesitaskirurgi (Swedish)
Abstract [en]

Obesity is a health care issue that is linked to many diseases such as type II diabetes, cardiovascular disease, obstructive sleep apnea and polyendocrine metabolic ovarian syndrome. It affects hundreds of millions of people worldwide. Many persons with obesity also complain of physical limitations that affect quality of life. Metabolic Bariatric Surgery (MBS) is the only treatment for obesity with proven long-term effects on weight and associated diseases. Several aspects can influence the surgical result, such as acid-related complications including marginal ulcers and strictures. These are sometimes treated prophylactically. Hernias and abdominal rectus diastasis (ARD) are more common among persons with obesity and could affect physical activity after surgery, which could affect weight loss. The structural integrity of the abdominal wall is important for all physical activity and obesity or weight loss could affect the collagens that form the firm structure of the abdominal wall. Knowing how physical activity changes after MBS is important to support lifelong habits for lasting weight management.

Results: Study I is a multi-register study based on the Scandinavian Obesity Surgery Registry (SOReg) and showed that acid-related complications were not reduced by PPI-prophylaxis. Risk was instead increased by type II diabetes, dyspepsia, smoking, immigrant background, older age as well as longer operation time and larger gastric pouch. Marginal ulcer was associated with inferior weight loss. In Study II, fifteen persons were interviewed 1-3 years after laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB), who achieved weight loss from BMI 41 to 28. Qualitative content analysis was used to describe the changes in physical activity. The maintheme New Life and Freedom was derived from the analysis. Study III compared muscle strength of the abdominal wall using the Bio Dex System dynamometer and three questionnaires before and six months after RYGB. The tests showed preserved strength of the abdominal wall, while quadriceps musculature weakened, between -11.7 to -28.5 Nm (p<0.001). Women perceived an increase in abdominal wall strength, from 3.65 to 4.70 (p=0.02) on a 0-10 scale. Time spent with moderate physical activity also increased. Stydy IV showed that the staining of hyaluronan (HA), type I and III collagens and CHP have a unique pattern of binding tofascia and muscle in persons with obesity compared to normal weight controls.

Conclusion: PPI prophylaxis does not protect against acid-related complications after RYGB. Surgical and several patient factors increase the risk instead. After losing weight with RYGB, patients describe their experience as New Life and Freedom as physical activity improved. Abdominal wall muscle tests showed preserved strength, while quadriceps muscle strength was weakened. Women perceived slightly increased strength in the abdominal wall and time spent with moderate physical activity increased. Persons with obesity have a different HA-activity in muscle and fascia, as well as more fat in muscle cells, when compared to normal weight controls.

Abstract [sv]

Obesitas är ett tillstånd som är kopplat till flera sjukdomar, såsom typ II diabetes, hjärtkärlsjukdomar, obstruktiv sömnapné och polyendokrin metabolt äggstocksyndrom. Det påverkar hundratals miljoner människor världen runt, och numer inte bara i rika industriländer. Många personer med obesitas klagar också över fysiska tillkortakommanden som påverkar livskvalitén. Obesitaskirurgi är den enda behandlingen mot obesitas som har visat goda långtidsresultat på övervikt och relaterade sjukdomar. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) har varit den dominerande kirurgiska metoden i Sverige sedan ca 2007. Flera aspekter kan påverka det kirurgiska resultatet, såsom komplikationer i form av syra relaterade magsår och strikturer. Dessa behandlas ibland förebyggande, men evidens saknas. Tillstånd i bukväggen såsom bråck och rektusdiastas är vanligare hos personer med obesitas, och dessa kan påverka den fysiska aktiviteten efter kirurgi, och kan påverka viktnedgången. Strukturella integriteten i bukväggen är viktig för all fysisk aktivitet, och obesitas eller viktnedgång kan kollagenet som formar den styva strukturen i bukväggen. Att veta hur fysisk aktivitet ändras efter obesitaskirurgi är viktigt för att kunna stödja livslånga vanor för bestående viktkontroll.

Metoder: Studie I är en multiregisterstudie som baseras på Scandinavian Obesity Surgery Registry (SOReg) som kombinerar socioekonomisk patientinformation från Statistiska centralbyrån (SCB) och kirurgiska faktorer som påverkar incidensen av syra-relaterade komplikationer efter RYGB, inklusive information om förebyggande protonpumpshämning (PPI) från Socialstyrelsens läkemedelsregister. Logistisk regression användes för att mäta utfall av komplikationer i för hållande till socioekonomiska och kirurgiska faktorer samt uttag av PPI från apotek i samband med RYGB.

Studie II-IV baserad på en patientgrupp som genomgår RYGB på två sjukhus. Projektet heter GUMP efter gastric bypass vid Umeå och Uppsala universitet mätandes muskel, vävnad och fysisk aktivitet. Studie II är en intervjustudie som använder kvalitativ innehållsanalys med fokus på beskrivningar av förändringarav fysisk aktivitet 1–3 år efter RYGB. Intervjutexter kondenserades, kodades och abstraherades till att forma huvudtemat.

Studie III jämför muskelstyrka i bukväggen med hjälp av BioDex System dynamometern och tre frågeformulär före och sex månader efter RYGB. Resultaten analyserades med oberoende t-test och Wilcoxon signed rank test samt Cohens d för effektstorlek.

Studie IV är en analys av vävnad från bukväggen som togs i samband med RYGB. Muskel och fascia färgas för innehåll av kollagen för att se om det skiljer sig jämfört med normalviktiga personer. Hyaluronsyra (HA) och collagen hybridizing peptide (CHP) jämförs också för att få en uppfattning om styvheten i bukväggen kan påverkas. Digital patologi används för att se om skillnader finns. 

Resultat: Syrarelaterade komplikationer minskade inte med förebyggande PPI. Risken var istället förhöjd vid typ II diabetes, dyspepsi, rökning, utländsk bakgrund, högre ålder samt större magsäckficka och längre operationstid. Magsår vid magtarmkopplingen var också kopplad till sämre viktnedgång.

Femton personer intervjuades 1–3 år efter RYGB, och de hade viktnedgång från BMI 41 till 28 i median. Det huvudsakliga temat Nytt Liv och Frihet formades av texten och analysarbetet med subteman Upptäckten av att ha högre fysiskkapacitet och Fysisk aktivitet är mer givande.

I studie III hade deltagarna liknande viktnedgång, motsvarande BMI 40,9 till 29,6. BioDex tester visade bevarad styrka i bukväggen, samtidigt som lårmuskulaturen minskade med -11.7 och -28,5 Nm (p<0,001). Kvinnor uppskattade en ökning av bukväggstyrka från 3,65 till 4,70 (p=0,02) på en skala från 0–10. Tid med måttlig fysisk aktivitet ökade också.

HA, typ I och III kollagen samt CHP har ett unikt bindningsmönster till muskel och fascia hos personer med obesitas jämfört med normalviktiga personer. Det finns också en tydlig fettinlagring i muskelcellerna.

Konklusion: Förebyggande PPI skyddar inte mot syrarelaterade komplikationer efter RYGB. Kirurgiska och flera patientfaktorer ökar risken i stället.

I samband med viktnedgång efter RYGB beskriver patienter ett Nytt Liv och Frihet då den fysiska aktiviteten förbättrades på olika sätt.

Muskeltester på bukväggen visar bevarad styrka, medan lårmuskel försvagas, sex månader efter RYGB. Kvinnor skattade ökad styrka och mer tid ägnades åt måttlig fysisk aktivitet.

Vävnad från muskel och fascia på bukväggen har ett unikt bindningsmönster av HA och CHP hos personer med obesitas, samt tydlig fettinlagring i muskel.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Umeå: Umeå University, 2026. , p. 74
Series
Umeå University medical dissertations, ISSN 0346-6612 ; 2435
Keywords [en]
Gastric Bypass, Proton Pump Inhibitor, Physical Activity, Abdominal Wall, Collagen, Hyaluronon
National Category
Surgery
Research subject
Surgery
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-258221ISBN: 978-91-6850-085-0 (print)ISBN: 978-91-6850-086-7 (electronic)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:umu-258221DiVA, id: diva2:2096117
Public defence
2026-09-18, Fjällvråken, Lycksele Hospital, Lycksele, 13:00 (Swedish)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2026-08-28 Created: 2026-08-28 Last updated: 2026-08-28Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Acid-related complications after laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass: risk factors and impact of proton pump inhibitors
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Acid-related complications after laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass: risk factors and impact of proton pump inhibitors
2020 (English)In: Surgery for Obesity and Related Diseases, ISSN 1550-7289, E-ISSN 1878-7533, Vol. 16, no 5, p. 620-625Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Background: Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y (LRYGB) gastric bypass is an effective treatment for morbid obesity. Acid-related complications after LRYGB could be prevented by prophylactic proton pump inhibition (PPI).

Objective: To identify the effect of PPI prophylaxis on short-term, acid-related complications in a large cohort.

Setting: National Registry, Sweden.

Methods: A total of 37,301 patients who underwent LRYGB in Sweden from 2009 to 2014 were identified in the Scandinavian Obesity Surgery Registry. Patient-specific factors were cross matched with socioeconomic variables and information on PPI dispensation. A logistic regression model was used to analyze acid-related complications (e.g., marginal ulcer, stricture, and perforation) within 30 days and at 1 year postoperatively.

Results: PPI prophylaxis did not reduce the rate of acid-related complications. Instead, prolonged operation time (odds ratio [OR] 2.19 [1.53–3.13]) and immigrant background (OR 1.72 [1.17–2.53]) increased the risk of marginal ulcer within 30 days. At 1 year, medical treatment for diabetes (OR 1.75 [1.14–2.67]) and dyspepsia (OR 1.71 [1.06–2.75]), larger gastric pouch (OR 2.19 [1.528–3.248]), longer operation time (OR 1.67 [1.11–2.51]), smoking (OR 2.59 [1.77–3.78]), and immigrant background (OR 1.60 [1.08–2.36]) increased the risk for marginal ulcer, while older age (OR 2.20 [1.05–4.63]) predisposed for stricture. Inferior weight loss was associated with marginal ulcer at 1 year (OR 1.50 [1.04–2.15]).

Conclusion: PPI prophylaxis did not reduce the risk for marginal ulcer and stricture. The risk for these complications was increased by several co-morbidities, smoking, immigrant background, and surgical factors. Routine use of PPI prophylaxis cannot be recommended, but smoking cessation and optimal surgery could be important.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier, 2020
Keywords
Gastric bypass, Marginal ulcer, Proton pump inhibition, Stricture
National Category
Surgery
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-168710 (URN)10.1016/j.soard.2020.01.005 (DOI)000527374300006 ()32107170 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85079843416 (Scopus ID)
Note

Funding provided by the County Council of Västerbotten and Umeå University.

Available from: 2020-03-25 Created: 2020-03-25 Last updated: 2026-08-28Bibliographically approved
2. Patient experience of improvements in physical activity and movement after gastric bypass
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Patient experience of improvements in physical activity and movement after gastric bypass
2026 (English)In: Obesity Research and Clinical Practice, ISSN 1871-403X, E-ISSN 1878-0318, Vol. 20, no 2, p. 142-147Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Introduction: Physical activity is an important part of accomplishing and maintaining weight loss. As far as the improvement in associated disease is concerned, the effects of Metabolic Bariatric Surgery (MBS) are well known, but the effects on physical activity and ability to perform everyday activities are less obvious. This study explores how weight loss after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) improves physical activity and movement, and how this impacts everyday life.

Method: Semi-structured interviews were held with patients 1–3 years after RYGB. Audio recordings were transcribed verbatim, and the texts were condensed in steps and abstracted with an inductive approach using Qualitative Content Analysis.

Results: 15 individuals, 12 women and 3 men, median age 36 years (26−73), and median body mass index (BMI) 28 (range 22–45), were interviewed until information power was reached.

The overall theme “New Life and Freedom” was the result of the analysis process. This was derived from two sub-themes: 1. Discovery of Having Higher Physical Capacity, including the categories Higher Capacity for Physical Activity, No More Limitations, Daily Tasks Are Less Strenuous, and Bodily Change is an Achievement; and 2. Physical Activity is More Rewarding, including the categories Increased Motivation and Initiative, Increased Social Participation, Better Wellbeing, and More Energy.

Conclusion: After MBS, patients describe they have gained a new life and freedom thanks to greater ease of participating in physical activities. Patients should be encouraged to continue increased physical activity during follow-up.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier, 2026
Keywords
Gastric bypass, Physical activity, Qualitative study, Weight loss
National Category
Epidemiology Public Health, Global Health and Social Medicine
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-252587 (URN)10.1016/j.orcp.2026.03.002 (DOI)41904075 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-105034666491 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Umeå University, 52103 7003904Umeå University, 52103 7002529
Available from: 2026-04-30 Created: 2026-04-30 Last updated: 2026-08-28Bibliographically approved
3. Preserved abdominal wall strength after gastric bypass surgery: a dynamometer study
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Preserved abdominal wall strength after gastric bypass surgery: a dynamometer study
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
National Category
Surgery
Research subject
Surgery
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-258219 (URN)
Available from: 2026-08-28 Created: 2026-08-28 Last updated: 2026-08-28Bibliographically approved
4. Structure, collagen and hyaluronan in the abdominal wall in patients with obesity
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Structure, collagen and hyaluronan in the abdominal wall in patients with obesity
Show others...
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
National Category
Surgery
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-258220 (URN)
Available from: 2026-08-28 Created: 2026-08-28 Last updated: 2026-08-28Bibliographically approved

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