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Speech function following deep brain stimulation of the caudal zona incerta: effects of habitual and high-amplitude stimulation
Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Speech and Language Therapy. Umeå University. (Linda Sandström)ORCID iD: 0000-0002-7626-2889
Division of Speech and Language Pathology, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm Sweden; Medical Unit of Speech and Language Pathology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-5955-5452
Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Speech and Language Therapy.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-3373-0934
Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Clinical Neuroscience.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-9413-6950
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2021 (English)In: Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research, ISSN 1092-4388, E-ISSN 1558-9102, Vol. 64, no 6, p. 2121-2133Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Purpose: Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is often successful in alleviating motor symptoms of essential tremor (ET); however, DBS may also induce adverse speech effects. The caudal zona incerta (cZi) is a promising DBS target for tremor, but less is known about the consequences of cZi DBS for speech. This preliminary study examined how habitual cZi DBS and cZi stimulation at high amplitudes may affect speech function in persons with ET.

Method: Fourteen participants with ET were evaluated: off stimulation, on habitual cZi DBS, and with unilateral cZi stimulation at increasing stimulation amplitudes. At each stimulation condition, the participants read three 16-word sentences. Two speech-language pathologists made audio-perceptual consensus ratings of overall speech function, articulation, and voice using a visual sort and rate method. Rated functions when off stimulation, on habitual cZi DBS, and at maximal-amplitude stimulation were compared using Friedman nonparametric tests. For participants with bilateral habitual DBS (n = 5), the effects of bilateral and unilateral stimulation were described in qualitative terms.

Results: Habitual cZi DBS had no significant group-level effect on any of the investigated speech parameters. Maximal-amplitude stimulation had a small but significant negative effect on articulation. Participants with reduced articulatory precision (n = 9) had more medially placed electrodes than the nonaffected group (n = 5). Bilateral and unilateral left stimulation had comparable effects on speech.

Conclusions: Findings from this preliminary study of cZi DBS indicate that speech is generally not affected by stimulation at habitual levels. High-amplitude cZi stimulation may, however, induce adverse effects, particularly on articulation. Instances of decreased articulatory function were associated with stimulation of more medial electrode contacts, which could suggest cerebello-rubrospinal involvement.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, 2021. Vol. 64, no 6, p. 2121-2133
Keywords [en]
caudal zona incerta, deep brain stimulation, essential tremor, posterior subthalamic area, speech function
National Category
Neurology
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-166783DOI: 10.1044/2020_JSLHR-20-00256ISI: 000665049300002PubMedID: 33647213Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85108742286OAI: oai:DiVA.org:umu-166783DiVA, id: diva2:1381991
Note

Originally included in thesis in manuscript form.

Publisher Note: This article is part of the Special Issue: Select Papers From the 2020 Conference on Motor Speech.

Available from: 2019-12-30 Created: 2019-12-30 Last updated: 2023-09-05Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Impact of deep brain stimulation in the caudal zona incerta on voice tremor and speech in persons with essential tremor
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Impact of deep brain stimulation in the caudal zona incerta on voice tremor and speech in persons with essential tremor
2020 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Objectives: Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a symptomatic treatment for people with essential tremor (ET) who have unsatisfactory tremor relief with pharmacological treatment alone. A common symptom of ET is voice tremor, but only about 50% of patients with voice tremor get a satisfactory result with DBS. Moreover, stimulation-induced adverse effects on speech are often reported, especially with bilateral stimulation. In recent years, the caudal zona incerta (cZi) has been highlighted as a particularly efficient DBS-target for tremor; however, less is known about the effects of cZi-DBS on voice and speech. The aims of this thesis were to (i) describe how voice tremor and speech production are affected by habitual cZi-DBS optimized to treat the motor symptoms of ET, (ii) investigate how voice tremor and speech production are affected by unilateral cZi-stimulation at increasing amplitudes, with a particular focus on high-amplitude stimulation, and (iii) explore the extent to which patient characteristics and DBS related factors, such as electrode location and stimulation settings, influence the outcome.

Methods: This thesis comprises two different study protocols. Study I was a retrospective study of 19 patients with ET and voice tremor, and DBS effects on voice tremor were evaluated from clinical assessments made at baseline and 1, 3, and 5 years after surgery, respectively. Studies II-V included 37 persons with ET, and DBS effects on voice tremor and speech production were evaluated off- and on habitual stimulation, as well as in an experimental protocol with unilateral stimulation at increasing amplitudes (up to a maximum of 4.5V). Voice tremor (study II, III) was assessed by two listeners using the Visual Sort and Rate (VISOR) method. Speech intelligibility (study IV) was estimated from orthographic transcriptions of nonsense sentences made by two speech-language pathology students. Speech function, including articulation and voice quality (study V) were analysed in 14 participants and assessed by two speech-language pathologists using VISOR. Voice and speech outcomes following the experimental stimulation condition were evaluated in relation to the location of the active electrode contacts.

Results: Habitual cZi-DBS reduced voice tremor at all examinations and did not affect speech production on the group-level. By contrast, during unilateral high-amplitude stimulation, more negative effects on speech were noted, and the proportion of individuals with affected speech more than doubled at maximal amplitude stimulation compared with habitual cZi-DBS (40% compared to 17%). While most of these adverse effects were mild in general, a few participants exhibited more severe impairments of high-amplitude stimulation, especially on speech intelligibility and articulation. There were also cases in which high-amplitude stimulation worsened voice tremor or even induced the symptom. As for the contribution of electrode location, a deeper and more posterior stimulation origin were found to yield the most efficient voice tremor reduction, more medially located electrodes were associated with affected articulation, whereas deteriorated speech intelligibility was related to stimulation originating from a more superior location.

Conclusions: cZi-DBS is relatively safe in the sense that adverse effects on speech production are rarely seen during stimulation with the clinical settings. Furthermore, voice tremor can be expected to improve, both short- and long- term, although not always to such an extent that the symptom is alleviated completely. However, by increasing the stimulation amplitude beyond the clinical setting, one increases the risk of inducing unwanted speech-related effects and worsen voice tremor. Thus, it appears as though the challenge in the postoperative management of the DBS treatment lies in maintaining the therapeutic effect while still keeping the stimulation amplitude at a low level. The combined results of this thesis indicate that the best outcome for voice and speech might be achieved by stimulating from the posterior-inferior-lateral part of the cZi.

Abstract [sv]

Essentiell tremor är en vanlig rörelsestörningssjukdom som kännetecknas av tremor (skakningar) främst i armar och händer, men det är även vanligt att rösten drabbas. Djup hjärnstimulering (deep brain stimulation, DBS) är en kirurgisk behandlingsmetod som visats vara mycket effektiv på tremor överlag, dock är resultaten gällande rösttremor mer varierande. Dessutom är talpåverkan en vanlig bieffekt av DBS, speciellt vid bilateral stimulering. I denna avhandling har DBS i kaudala zona incerta (cZi) utvärderats gällande dess effekter på rösttremor och talproduktion hos personer med ET. Syftet med avhandlingen är att: (i) beskriva effekterna av kronisk cZi-DBS som optimerats för att behandla ET, (ii) utforska effekterna av unilateral stimulering vid successivt ökande amplituder (med ett särskilt fokus på högamplitudstimulering), samt (iii) undersöka vilka faktorer som kan tänkas påverka resultatet.

Delstudie 1 är en retrospektiv långtidsstudie av 19 patenter med ET som hade rösttremor innan DBS-behandling. Effekterna av DBS på rösttremor utvärderades från bedömningar gjorda vid uppföljningar 1, 3 samt 5 år efter operation. Delstudie 2-5 inkluderade 37 personer med ET och effekterna av DBS på rösttremor och talproduktion utvärderades utifrån bedömningar gjorda: 1) med DBS avstängd, 2) med kronisk cZi-DBS, samt 3) vid unilateral stimulering i en experimentell procedur med gradvis ökande amplituder (upp till maximalt 4.5V). Rösttremor (delstudie 2 och 3) bedömdes perceptuellt av två lyssnare. Talförståelighet (delstudie 4) beräknades som procent korrekt uppfattade ord utifrån ortografiska transkriptioner av nonsensmeningar som utfördes av två logopedstudenter. Talfunktion, inklusive artikulation och röstkvalitet hos 14 personer med ET (delstudie 5) bedömdes perceptuellt av två erfarna logopeder. Röst- och talresultat från den experimentella stimuleringsproceduren utvärderades också i förhållande till elektrodens anatomiska läge.

Resultaten visade att kronisk cZi-DBS inte hade några negativa effekter på talproduktion överlag. Kronisk cZi-DBS förbättrade också rösttremor genomgående, dock med en betydande individuell variation. Under unilateral högamplitudsstimulering visade sig däremot fler negativa effekter på såväl rösttremor som på talproduktion. Vid stimulering med den maximala amplitudnivån hade andelen individer med talpåverkan mer än fördubblats jämfört med den vid kronisk cZi-DBS (från 17 % till 40 %). Även om dessa negativa effekter var små generellt sett var det tydligt att enskilda individers tal drabbades mer än andras. Vad gäller betydelsen av elektrodens läge inom cZi visade det sig att ett djupare och mer posteriort läge var gynnsamt för rösttremor. För talproduktion var negativa effekter förknippade med ett mer medialt läge (för artikulation) samt ett högre läge (för talförståelighet).

Sammantaget tyder avhandlingens resultat på att cZi-DBS sällan orsakar negativa effekter på tal när patienten stimuleras med de kliniska inställningarna (optimerade för att behandla symptomen av ET). Dessutom kan rösttremor förväntas förbättras, både på kort och på lång sikt. Däremot kan talpåverkan och negativa effekter på rösttremor framkallas om stimuleringsamplituden höjs. Utmaningen i den postoperativa behandlingen ligger således i att kunna bibehålla den terapeutiska behandlingseffekten samtidigt som stimuleringsamplituden hålls ner. Våra resultat antyder också att det kan vara bäst för patienters röst och tal om stimuleringen utgår från ett djupare, mer posteriort och mindre medialt läge inom cZi-området.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Umeå: Umeå universitet, 2020. p. 67
Series
Umeå University medical dissertations, ISSN 0346-6612 ; 2068
Keywords
caudal zona incerta, deep brain stimulation, essential tremor, speech function, speech intelligibility, speech production, voice tremor
National Category
Other Medical Sciences not elsewhere specified Neurosciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-166784 (URN)978-91-7855-163-7 (ISBN)978-91-7855-162-0 (ISBN)
Public defence
2020-01-31, Sal A, psykiatriska kliniken, målpunkt F, plan 0, Norrlands universitetssjukhus, Umeå, 09:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2020-01-10 Created: 2019-12-31 Last updated: 2020-01-07Bibliographically approved

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Sandström, LindaKarlsson, FredrikBlomstedt, Patric

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