Umeå University's logo

umu.sePublications
Change search
CiteExportLink to record
Permanent link

Direct link
Cite
Citation style
  • apa
  • ieee
  • modern-language-association-8th-edition
  • vancouver
  • Other style
More styles
Language
  • de-DE
  • en-GB
  • en-US
  • fi-FI
  • nn-NO
  • nn-NB
  • sv-SE
  • Other locale
More languages
Output format
  • html
  • text
  • asciidoc
  • rtf
Oncological Impact of High Vascular Tie After Surgery for Rectal Cancer: A Nationwide Cohort Study
Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Surgery.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-4950-2568
Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Surgery.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-4958-6965
Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Umeå School of Business and Economics (USBE), Statistics.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-9086-7403
Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Surgery.
Show others and affiliations
2021 (English)In: Annals of Surgery, ISSN 0003-4932, E-ISSN 1528-1140, Vol. 274, no 3, p. e236-e244Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of tie level on oncological outcomes in rectal cancer surgery.

Summary background data: Theoretically, a high tie of the inferior mesenteric artery could facilitate removal of apical node metastases and improve tumor staging accuracy. However, no appropriately sized randomized controlled trial exists and results from observational studies are not consistent.

Methods: All stage I–III rectal cancer patients who underwent abdominal surgery with curative intention in 2007 to 2014 were identified and followed, using the Swedish Colorectal Cancer Registry. Primary outcome was cancer-specific survival, whereas overall and relative survival, locoregional and distant recurrence, and lymph node harvest were secondary outcomes, with high tie as exposure. We used propensity score matching to emulate a randomized controlled trial, and then performed Cox regression analyses to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) with confidence intervals (CIs).

Results: Some 8287 patients remained for analysis, of which 37% had high tie surgery. After propensity score matching, the 5-year cancer-specific survival rate was overall 86% and we found no association between the level of tie and cancer-specific (HR 0.92, 95% CI 0.79–1.07) or overall (HR 0.98, 95% CI 0.89–1.08) survival, nor to locoregional (HR 0.85, 95% CI 0.59–1.23) or distant (HR 1.01, 95% CI 0.88–1.15) recurrence, nor to relative survival (HR 1.05, 95% CI 0.85–1.28). Stratification and sensitivity analyses were similarly insignificant, after adjustment for confounding. Total lymph node harvest was, however, increased after high tie surgery (P < 0.01), but no differences were seen regarding positive nodes (P = 0.72).

Conclusion: In this nationwide cohort study, the level of tie did not influence any patient-oriented oncological outcome, neither overall nor in node-positive patients. This would allow the patient's anatomical configuration and the surgeon's preferences to determine the level of tie.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Wolters Kluwer, 2021. Vol. 274, no 3, p. e236-e244
Keywords [en]
level of tie, ligation level, mortality, rectal cancer, recurrence, survival
National Category
Surgery
Research subject
Surgery
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-166887DOI: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000003663ISI: 000683471400006PubMedID: 34397455Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85114522928OAI: oai:DiVA.org:umu-166887DiVA, id: diva2:1383108
Available from: 2020-01-07 Created: 2020-01-07 Last updated: 2021-09-14Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Surgery for rectal cancer: the impact of perioperative factors
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Surgery for rectal cancer: the impact of perioperative factors
2020 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Alternative title[sv]
Kirurgi för rektalcancer : inverkan av perioperativa faktorer
Abstract [en]

Rectal cancer is one of the most common and deadly cancer forms worldwide. A large proportion of rectal cancer patients are surgically treated with curative intention, with anterior resection being the most frequently used method today. During surgery, the inferior mesenteric artery is either ligated proximal (high tie) or distal to the left colic artery (low tie). It is not known whether the tie level affects the oncologic nor the functional outcome. Postoperatively, about one in ten patients develop an anastomotic leakage. It is unclear whether treatment with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) affects the risk of leakage, or whether having a leakage influences the functional outcome. 

The general aims of this dissertation were to increase the knowledge of intra- and postoperative treatment for rectal cancer, with the goal of improving the oncologic and functional outcomes, as well as reducing postoperative complications. National registers, predominantly the Swedish Colorectal Cancer Registry, were used in all of the dissertation’s four retrospective cohort studies to identify and retrieve information regarding patients. Various statistical methods have been used in all studies with the aim of eliminating bias, including confounding.

In Study I, high tie slightly increased the total number of harvested lymph nodes in the included 8287 patients, as compared with low tie, while the primary outcome cancer-specific survival, as well as secondary oncologic outcomes, were not affected. This indicates that the oncologic outcome does not have to be considered when the surgeon determines the level of tie.

In Study II, investigating the effect of tie level on the functional outcome, the outcome was any defecatory or urogenital symptoms two years after anterior resection, assessed with a mailed questionnaire. With a response rate of 86%, 805 patients were included. High tie did not, except for increasing the need of defecation at night, influence the risk of major dysfunction. Again, this would facilitate the choice of tie level.

Study III used the same outcome, and in part the same study population, as Study II, but instead with the exposure anastomotic leakage. With a response rate of 82%, 1180 patients were included. We found that anastomotic leakage increased the risk of reduced sexual activity and increased the use of aid products for fecal incontinence after anterior resection, while the risk of urinary incontinence was unexpectedly decreased. Other outcomes were not clearly affected. 

In Study IV, in addition to the register, information was gathered from patient records. In the included 1495 patients who had undergone anterior resection, postoperative NSAID treatment was not found to increase the risk of symptomatic anastomotic leakage. There were no differences between non-selective and COX-2 selective NSAIDs. This study does not support that NSAID treatment increases the risk of anastomotic leakage after such surgery.

Abstract [sv]

Bakgrund

Varje år insjuknar kring 700 000 personer världen över i den åttonde vanligaste cancerformen, ändtarmscancer, varav omkring 2 000 i Sverige. Merparten av dessa patienter genomgår bukkirurgi i botande syfte, där valet av operationsmetod bland annat baseras på tumörens allvarlighetsgrad, patientens hälsostatus samt hur nära ändtarmsöppningen tumören är belägen. Gemensamt för alla operationsmetoder är att kirurgen måste bestämma huruvida det blodkärl som försörjer den drabbade delen av tarmen ska delas antingen högt upp i en så kallad hög ligatur (avknytning) nära den stora kroppspulsådern (aorta), eller något längre ned på kärlträdet i en låg ligatur. Trots idog diskussion i över ett århundrade råder det fortfarande ingen enighet kring vilken ligaturnivå som är den bästa. En teoretisk fördel med hög ligatur är att den skulle kunna möjliggöra avlägsnandet av aortanära lymfkörtlar, eventuellt innehållande spridda cancerceller som annars lämnas orörda, och därigenom förbättra det cancerrelaterade (onkologiska) utfallet. Å andra sidan skulle hög ligatur kunna leda till försämrat funktionellt resultat, eftersom den utförs i närheten av nervfibrer som svarar för viktiga aspekter av tarm-, urinvägs- och sexualfunktion. Det är dock ej i dagsläget klarlagt huruvida något av dessa teoretiska resonemang har betydelse i praktiken.

Den enskilt vanligaste operationsmetoden är en så kallad främre resektion, där tumören avlägsnas och tarmändarna sammanfogas i en tarmskarv (anastomos). Efter operationen drabbas ungefär var tionde patient av att anastomosen havererar. Detta leder i värsta fall till döden, medan de överlevande har ökad risk för bland annat permanent stomi (”påse på magen”) samt troligen även för canceråterfall. Eftersom ett sådant anastomosläckage ofta medför en påtaglig inflammation i bäckenet och inte sällan leder till nya operationer, skulle ett läckage även kunna försämra det funktionella långtidsresultatet. Detta är sparsamt undersökt tidigare, särskilt vad gäller urinvägs- och sexualfunktion.

Under det senaste årtiondet har ett flertal publicerade observationsstudier varnat för att smärtbehandling efter främre resektion med läkemedel av typen NSAID (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug), såsom ibuprofen (Ipren®), kan öka risken för anastomosläckage. Många kirurgiska kliniker runtom i landet har därför upphört med NSAID-behandling efter denna typ av kirurgi, till förmån för ökad morfinanvändning, som i sin tur är känd för biverkningar såsom förstoppning och beroende. Det är dock fortfarande inte bevisat att NSAID verkligen orsakar anastomosläckage och heller inte om risken i sådana fall skiljer sig åt mellan de två olika huvudtyperna av NSAID.

Målsättning

Avhandlingens målsättning är att öka kunskaperna kring intra- och postoperativ behandling av ändtarmscancer, i syfte att minska risken för canceråterfall och komplikationer efter kirurgin, samt att förbättra det funktionella utfallet.

Delarbeten

Det Svenska Kolorektalcancerregistret har använts i avhandlingens alla fyra bakåtblickande observationsstudier för att hitta och samla information kring patienter. Ett flertal olika statistiska metoder ingår i delarbetena för att kontrollera för bland annat störfaktorer och därigenom öka resultatens tillförlitlighet.

I det första delarbetet undersökte vi kopplingen mellan hög ligatur och risken för cancerrelaterad död samt canceråterfall genom att inkludera 8 287 patienter som opererats för rektalcancer i Sverige under åren 2007–2014. I detta arbete hämtades även information från två andra register, varav det ena var Dödsorsaksregistret. Vi kunde inte se någon skillnad i det onkologiska utfallet mellan patienter opererade med hög eller låg ligatur. Detta skulle innebära att kirurgen ej behöver ta hänsyn till detta vid valet av ligaturnivå. 

I det andra delarbetet fick alla patienter som opererats med främre resektion i Sverige mellan april 2011 och september 2012 en enkät hemskickad till sig två år efter operationen. Enkäten användes för att avgöra förekomsten och graden av symtom relaterade till tarm-, urinvägs- och sexualfunktion. Med en svarsfrekvens på 86 procent inkluderades 805 patienter i studien, hos vilka vi analyserade kopplingen mellan hög ligatur och förekomsten av symptom. Vi fann att hög ligatur, frånsett ett ökat behov av tarmtömning nattetid, inte var förenad med påtagliga funktionella bortfall. Detta antyder att det funktionella utfallet inte är en viktig faktor i valet av ligaturnivå.

I det tredje delarbetet inkluderades samma patientgrupp som i det andra delarbetet, med tillägg av patienter som opererats fram till juni 2013. Det funktionella resultatet utvärderades hos dessa patienter på samma sätt som i det andra delarbetet, men nu i relation till förekomsten av anastomosläckage. Med en svarsfrekvens på 82 procent inkluderades 1 180 patienter, varav 7,5 procent utvecklade anastomosläckage. Vi fann att anastomosläckage ökade risken för minskad sexuell aktivitet samt ökad användning av skyddsprodukter mot avföringsinkontinens (ofrivilligt avföringsläckage), medan förekomsten av urininkontinens oväntat var minskad. De andra symtomen var opåverkade.

I det fjärde delarbetet inkluderades 1 495 patienter som opererats med främre resektion vid något av 15 sjukhus mellan 2007 och 2013 i de norra, västra och södra sjukvårdsregionerna i Sverige. Patientjournaler granskades gällande användning av NSAID och förekomsten av anastomosläckage, varpå kopplingen mellan dessa två faktorer analyserades. Vi fann att nästan 14 procent av alla patienter hade drabbats av anastomosläckage, men att risken inte ökade efter behandling med NSAID. Detta var oberoende av vilken sorts NSAID som användes. Studien ger inget stöd för att smärtläkemedel av typen NSAID ökar risken för anastomosläckage.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Umeå: Umeå universitet, 2020. p. 59
Series
Umeå University medical dissertations, ISSN 0346-6612 ; 2050
Keywords
Rectal cancer, abdominal surgery, anastomotic leakage, anastomotic dehiscence, postoperative complications, vascular tie, ligation level, oncologic outcome, surgical oncology, survival, recurrence, functional outcome, urogenital, anorectal, incontinence, NSAID, COX
National Category
Surgery
Research subject
Surgery
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-167164 (URN)978-91-7855-121-7 (ISBN)
Public defence
2020-02-07, Hörsal D by 1A, 9tr, Norrlands universitetssjukhus, Umeå, 09:00 (Swedish)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2020-01-17 Created: 2020-01-13 Last updated: 2021-02-22Bibliographically approved
2. Rectal cancer: the influence of surgical technique on morbidity, mortality and survival
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Rectal cancer: the influence of surgical technique on morbidity, mortality and survival
2020 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Surgery is still the most common treatment for rectal cancer, being the most effective and cost-efficient modality. However, it is not without risk, nor without controversies. This dissertation is an evaluation of the pros and cons of high versus low ligation, whether anastomotic leakage is still prevalent after surgery and associated with increased mortality, and if the risk of leakage could be predicted by early postoperative pain.

Study I relied upon case records and registry data to evaluate the causal effect of high ligation on the risk of anastomotic leakage after anterior resection in 722 patients with increased cardiovascular risk. When controlling for confounders, no association was found overall. However, an increased risk for leakage after high ligation was noted for the few patients who suffered from both manifest cardiovascular disease and ASA III–IV (OR 3.66, 95% CI 1.04–12.85) and when performed in a low volume hospital (OR 3.89, 95% 1.58– 9.59). Study II estimated the risk of anastomotic leakage and death after anterior resection today. Among the 6,948 patients, 10.0% suffered from leakage, in whom mortality was 3.9% versus 1.5% for patients without a leak. However, this increased mortality was driven entirely by patients in need of reintervention, who exhibited a 7.5% 90-day mortality, resulting in a significantly increased risk (OR 5.57, 95% CI 3.29–9.44), when controlling for confounders, while conservatively treated leakage was not associated with mortality. Age acted as an effect modifier, as postoperative mortality after leakage was increased in the elderly.

Study III returned to high versus low ligation as exposure, to evaluate the long-term oncological benefits of either ligation level, with cancer-specific survival as primary outcome. The final cohort of 8,287 patients who underwent abdominal surgery for rectal cancer, with curative intent, was followed for a minimum of 3.5 years. After propensity score matching, no significant differences were found between high and low ligation for any survival or recurrence analysis, nor in the unmatched cohort, when controlling for confounders. A statistically significant difference was found for lymph node harvest, which was slightly greater in high ligation (17.7 vs 16.7 lymph nodes). Finally, study IV estimated the independent predictive ability of postoperative pain, measured on the numerical rating scale (NRS), on the risk for anastomotic leakage after colorectal cancer surgery. It seems as if increased early pain is an independent predictor for leakage (OR 1.73, 95% CI 1.22– 2.46 for NRS 4–10), with increasing risk of leakage with increasing pain (OR 2.42 for NRS 8–10). In addition, increased pain was more strongly associated with more severe leakage.

In summary, the level of ligation seems to be of importance only in a select group of high-risk patients, but offers no obvious oncological advantages. The high incidence and serious sequelae of anastomotic leakage makes it one of the most important clinical challenges in colorectal surgery, with especially detrimental effects in the elderly. A better understanding of the causal pathways behind leakage, and the overall harm and benefit of ligation level and diverting stomas, might allow a better selection of treatment for future patients.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Umeå: Umeå Universitet, 2020. p. 71
Series
Umeå University medical dissertations, ISSN 0346-6612 ; 2114
Keywords
rectal cancer, anterior resection, high ligation, level of tie, anastomotic leakage, postoperative pain
National Category
Surgery
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-176753 (URN)978-91-7855-393-8 (ISBN)978-91-7855-394-5 (ISBN)
Public defence
2020-12-11, Hörsal B, Unod T9, Umeå, 13:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

Serietillhörighet och delnummer saknas i publikationen.

Available from: 2020-11-20 Created: 2020-11-17 Last updated: 2020-12-10Bibliographically approved

Open Access in DiVA

No full text in DiVA

Other links

Publisher's full textPubMedScopus

Authority records

Boström, PetrusKverneng Hultberg, DanielHäggström, JennyHaapamäki, Markku M.Rutegård, JörgenRutegård, Martin

Search in DiVA

By author/editor
Boström, PetrusKverneng Hultberg, DanielHäggström, JennyHaapamäki, Markku M.Rutegård, JörgenRutegård, Martin
By organisation
SurgeryStatisticsWallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine at Umeå University (WCMM)
In the same journal
Annals of Surgery
Surgery

Search outside of DiVA

GoogleGoogle Scholar

doi
pubmed
urn-nbn

Altmetric score

doi
pubmed
urn-nbn
Total: 616 hits
CiteExportLink to record
Permanent link

Direct link
Cite
Citation style
  • apa
  • ieee
  • modern-language-association-8th-edition
  • vancouver
  • Other style
More styles
Language
  • de-DE
  • en-GB
  • en-US
  • fi-FI
  • nn-NO
  • nn-NB
  • sv-SE
  • Other locale
More languages
Output format
  • html
  • text
  • asciidoc
  • rtf