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Phosphatidylethanol Levels, As a Marker of Alcohol Consumption, Are Associated With Risk of Intracerebral Hemorrhage
Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Section of Medicine.
Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Section of Medicine.
Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Section of Medicine.
Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Cardiology.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-9225-1306
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2020 (English)In: Stroke, ISSN 0039-2499, E-ISSN 1524-4628, Vol. 51, no 7, p. 2148-2152Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Background and Purpose: Previous observational studies have shown a moderately increased risk of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) with high self-reported alcohol consumption. However, self-reported data tend to underestimate alcohol consumption. Phosphatidylethanol is a specific biomarker reflecting alcohol intake during the last month and correlates with the amount of alcohol consumed. The present study aimed to investigate the association between phosphatidylethanol levels and the risk of future ICH.

Methods: This population-based nested case-referent study was conducted within the Northern Sweden Health and Disease Cohort. At baseline, all participants underwent a health examination, including a questionnaire with questions about alcohol consumption. A blood sample was collected and stored at −80°C, and phosphatidylethanol 16:0/18:1 levels were measured in packed erythrocytes. Cases (n=97) were diagnosed with a first-ever ICH between 1985 and 2007. Two referents (n=180) were matched to each case.

Results: The mean age at baseline was 55 years, 39% of participants were women, and the mean time from blood sampling to ICH was 7.3 years. Only phosphatidylethanol and hypertension remained independently associated with ICH in a multivariable model. Participants with phosphatidylethanol >0.30 μmol/L had an increased risk of ICH compared with those with phosphatidylethanol <0.01 μmol/L (odds ratio, 4.64 [95% CI, 1.49–14.40]).

Conclusions: High blood concentrations of phosphatidylethanol were associated with an increased risk of future ICH. This association was independent of hypertension and other risk factors for ICH. Our findings suggest that phosphatidylethanol, as a marker of alcohol consumption, may be used as a risk marker of future ICH.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2020. Vol. 51, no 7, p. 2148-2152
Keywords [en]
alcoholic beverages, alcoholism, biomarkers, case-control study, cerebral hemorrhage, intracranial hemorrhages, stroke
National Category
Neurology
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-173632DOI: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.120.029630ISI: 000544979200045PubMedID: 32543974Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85087114871OAI: oai:DiVA.org:umu-173632DiVA, id: diva2:1455041
Funder
Region VästerbottenNorrbotten County CouncilAvailable from: 2020-07-21 Created: 2020-07-21 Last updated: 2024-07-02Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Biomarkers and risk of intracerebral hemorrhage: population-based studies in northern Sweden
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Biomarkers and risk of intracerebral hemorrhage: population-based studies in northern Sweden
2021 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Background

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a disease associated with a high morbidity and mortality and treatment options for the condition are limited. Even though an ICH event usually comes as a surprise to the affected individual, pathogenetic processes often have occurred before the sudden ICH event and may have preceded disease onset by years. It is possible that individuals at increased risk of ICH could be identified using biomarkers, for example markers of hemostasis and fibrinolysis. Even if these biomarkers are not part of the causal chain, they could be used as risk indicators to better define high-risk groups. Another approach could be to measure already established risk markers for ICH, such as self-reported alcohol consumption, using a blood biomarker. That could increase measurement reliability and consequently the accuracy of the estimates of ICH risk.

Aims

The aim of this thesis was to investigate potential biomarkers and risk of ICH. Specific aims were to evaluate the associations between factor XII, D-dimer, von Willebrand factor (VWF), ABO blood groups with focus on blood group O, phosphatidylethanol (PEth), and risk of ICH.

Methods

In our first study, aiming to investigate the association between factor XII and risk of hemorrhagic stroke, we followed participants of the health examination northern Sweden MONItoring trends and determinants in CArdiovascular disease (MONICA) performed in 1994 as a cohort until 2011. Factor XII concentrations were measured in blood samples drawn at the baseline health examination where the participants also answered a questionnaire regarding lifestyle factors and medical history. Diagnosis codes from the National Patient Register and the Swedish Cause of Death Register were used to find cases of hemorrhagic stroke, defined as ICH or subarachnoid hemorrhage. 

 

In the subsequent studies, the associations between biomarkers (factor XII, D-dimer, VWF, ABO blood groups, and PEth) and risk of ICH were investigated using a matched, nested case-referent design including individuals that had participated in the Västerbotten Intervention Programme, the MONICA and the Mammography Screening Project in 1985–2007. The participants donated blood samples at baseline for future research which were stored at -80 degrees C until biomarker analyses. The majority of the participants also underwent a baseline health examination including a questionnaire. First-ever ICH diagnoses during the study period 1985–2007 were validated using medical records and autopsy reports. To each case, two referents were matched for age, sex, geographical region, health examination date and health examination setting. 

 

Results

In the cohort study of the association between factor XII concentrations and risk of hemorrhagic stroke, 1,852 participants were included among which 30 experienced a hemorrhagic stroke event. There was an association between high factor XII and risk of hemorrhagic stroke in a multivariable model (hazard ratio 1.51; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.03–2.21 per standard deviation [SD] of factor XII). In the case-referent study of the association between factor XII and risk of ICH, 70 cases with ICH and 137 matched referents were included. We found no association between factor XII and risk of ICH in a multivariable model (odds ratio [OR] 1.06; 95% CI 0.57–1.97 per SD of factor XII).

 

The study of the association between D-dimer and risk of ICH included 141 cases and 255 matched referents. We found an association between D-dimer and risk of ICH in a multivariable model (OR 1.36; 95% CI 1.05–1.77 per SD of D-dimer). When stratifying the analysis for time between blood sampling and ICH event in tertiles, the association remained significant in the cases with the shortest time between blood sampling and ICH event in a multivariable model (OR 1.78; 95% CI 1.05–3.05 per SD of D-dimer).

 

The study investigating the association between VWF and risk of ICH included 139 cases and 276 referents. We found no association between VWF and risk of ICH in a multivariable model (OR 0.85; 95% CI 0.54–1.34 per SD of VWF). In the analysis investigating the associations between ABO blood groups and risk of ICH, 162 cases and 317 referents were included. We found no association between blood group O compared to non-O blood groups and risk of ICH (OR 0.96; 95% CI 0.65–1.42). 

In the study of the association between PEth concentrations and risk of ICH, 97 cases and 180 referents were included. There was an association between PEth concentrations > 0.30 µmol/L compared to < 0.01 µmol/L and risk of ICH in a multivariable model (OR 4.64; 95% CI 1.49–14.40).

Conclusions

High concentrations of D-dimer and PEth are associated with an increased risk of ICH. Our conclusion of the two studies investigating the association between factor XII and risk of hemorrhagic stroke and ICH respectively is that there is no association between factor XII and risk of ICH. We found no association between VWF or blood group O and risk of ICH.

Abstract [sv]

Stroke är en sjukdom som kan bero på antingen en blodpropp eller en hjärnblödning. Vid en stroke dör hjärnceller till följd av syrebrist och personen som drabbas kan få symptom som till exempel påverkan på tal, syn eller svårigheter att röra arm eller ben. Hjärnblödning sker på grund av att ett blodkärl i hjärnan brister. Genom att öka vår kunskap om vad som händer i kroppen under tiden innan en person insjuknar i hjärnblödning kan vi bli bättre på att hitta personer med hög risk för att få sjukdomen. Förhoppningsvis leder detta till att vi i framtiden kan bli bättre på att förebygga sjukdomen.

Ett sätt att undersöka detta är att använda biomarkörer. Biomarkörer kan till exempel vara proteiner och andra ämnen man mäter i blodprover. De kan användas till att uppskatta hur hög risk en person har att drabbas av en sjukdom. Det finns idag inga etablerade biomarkörer för att uppskatta risken att insjukna i hjärnblödning.

I den här avhandlingen har vi studerat fem olika biomarkörer som mäts i blodprover. Fyra av biomarkörerna (koagulationsfaktor XII, D-dimer, von Willebrandfaktor och blodgrupp O) tänker vi skulle kunna spegla processer i blodkärlen som sker före en hjärnblödning eller ha att göra med blodets levringsförmåga och förmåga att lösa upp blodproppar. Tidigare forskning har visat att personer som dricker mycket alkohol tycks ha en högre risk att få hjärnblödning. Den femte biomarkören vi har studerat, fosfatidyletanol, visar hur mycket alkohol en person har druckit veckorna innan blodprovet tas. Syftet med den här avhandlingen var att undersöka om de fem biomarkörena skulle kunna användas för att uppskatta en persons risk för hjärnblödning. 

Vi har studerat personer som deltagit i hälsoundersökningar i Västerbotten och Norrbotten mellan 1985 och 2007. Hälsoundersökningarna heter MONICA, Västerbottens hälsoundersökning och mammografiscreeningsprojektet. Vid hälsoundersökningarna har personerna lämnat blodprover som skulle få användas för framtida forskning. Blodproverna frystes ned i samband med hälsoundersökningen. Vi har sedan tinat dem och analyserat nivåerna av de olika biomarkörerna. Majoriteten av personerna som är med i våra studier har i samband med att de lämnade blodproverna också svarat på en enkät om tidigare sjukdomar och levnadsvanor samt mätt längd, vikt, blodtryck, blodsocker och blodfetter. 

Vi har sedan jämfört nivåerna av olika biomarkörer i blodproven mellan personer som fick en hjärnblödning under studieperioden och en grupp personer som inte fick någon hjärnblödning.  Det finns en del faktorer, till exempel högt blodtryck och hög ålder som vi sedan tidigare vet att har samband med ökad risk att få en hjärnblödning. Sådana kända faktorer tog vi hänsyn till i vår jämförelse.

I vår första och andra studie undersökte vi biomarkören koagulationsfaktor XII. I den första studien såg vi ett möjligt samband mellan höga nivåer av koagulationsfaktor XII och ökad risk för hjärnblödning. När vi undersökte sambandet mellan koagulationsfaktor XII och risk för hjärnblödning i en ytterligare studie där fler personer med hjärnblödning deltog kunde vi inte se något sådant samband. Vi fann ett samband mellan höga nivåer av D-dimer och ökad risk för att få en hjärnblödning. Sambandet var tydligast hos personer för vilka det inte gått så lång tid mellan att blodproverna togs och att hjärnblödningen inträffade. Vi fann inget samband mellan von Willebrandfaktor eller blodgrupp O och risk för hjärnblödning.

Vår sista studie visade att personer med förhöjda nivåer av fosfatidyletanol, en biomarkör för alkoholintag, hade en ökad risk att få en hjärnblödning. Personer med ett fosfatidyletanol-värde som motsvarar ett intag av ungefär fyra standardglas alkoholhaltig dryck per dag hade en nästan fem gånger ökad risk att drabbas av hjärnblödning jämfört med personer med inget eller mycket lågt alkoholintag.

Vår tolkning av resultaten av våra studier är att D-dimer och fosfatidyletanol i framtiden kanske skulle kunna användas som biomarkörer för att hitta personer med hög risk för hjärnblödning. Innan detta kan bli verklighet krävs dock mer forskning.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Umeå: Umeå universitet, 2021. p. 89
Series
Umeå University medical dissertations, ISSN 0346-6612 ; 2115
Keywords
Intracerebral hemorrhage, hemorrhagic stroke, factor XII, D-dimer, von Willebrand factor, ABO blood groups, phosphatidylethanol, alcohol, risk markers, biomarkers
National Category
Other Clinical Medicine
Research subject
Medicine
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-180312 (URN)978-91-7855-465-2 (ISBN)978-91-7855-464-5 (ISBN)
Public defence
2021-03-17, Arenan, Campus Skellefteå, Skellefteå, 13:00 (Swedish)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2021-02-24 Created: 2021-02-18 Last updated: 2021-02-22Bibliographically approved

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Johansson, KristinaJohansson, LarsPennlert, JohannaSöderberg, StefanJansson, Jan-HåkanLind, Marcus

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