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Introduction: It is well known that older adults have a higher risk for loneliness, which is detrimental to health. Home care in Sweden has a responsibility to address social needs, but systematic approaches are lacking and there is a know–do gap. The overall aim of this thesis was to develop knowledge about older home care recipients’ and home care providers' perceptions of loneliness and social participation among older adults, and furthermore, to develop a work model for supporting social participation in home care and explore that process.

Methods: Four studies were included. In the first study, care recipient interviews explored perceptions of social participation. In the second, a total population survey investigated the association between perceived care quality and loneliness. The third study used individual and group interviews with home care providers to explore discourses on loneliness and social support. The fourth applied a participatory action research(PAR) process with care workers to develop strategies to alleviate care recipients’ loneliness.

Findings: Enjoying personally relevant occupations, both in solitude and with others, was found to be important for satisfactory social participation. Low perceived quality in home care quality was statistically associated with loneliness. Two discourses, one in which care recipients were described as valued but vulnerable “others”, and another in which they were described as competent peers, were identified. A work model facilitating social participation was created, and the process was applied to a “framework for occupational enablement for change in community practice”.

Conclusion: The understanding of loneliness and social participation in the complex home care context has been nuanced, as have discourses that affect home care practice. The work model itself could become a first step towards systematically addressing loneliness and social needs, and the application of an occupational enablement framework onto the PAR process ties the methodologies together and facilitates participatory research for occupational therapy and science.