Nuclear medicine neuroimaging methods have evolved from mainly being used for research, to becoming established techniques in clinical neurology. In recent years, new technologies have led to increased image quality, and new radiopharmaceuticals with high clinical impact have been developed. The field is expected to become even more important in the future due to the higher prevalence of neurological disorders and the general ageing of the population. The current chapter begins with a basic medical introduction to brain anatomy and physiology. Different pathological conditions such as neurodegenerative disorders, epilepsy, and brain tumours are outlined. The chapter also includes examples of common imaging applications, such as imaging of cerebral blood flow, imaging of brain metabolism, imaging of neurotransmitter systems, and imaging of other cerebral functions such as amyloid and brain tumour imaging. A part on technology is included, discussing neuroimaging solutions for SPECT, SPECT/CT, PET, PET/CT, and PET/MR. Special considerations for optimization of SPECT and PET acquisition and reconstruction are also discussed. Important methods for evaluation, such as visual interpretation and quantitative techniques are also described, including implications for usage of reference databases.