Longitudinal studies of brain-behavior links between episodic memory (EM) and the hippocampus (HC), including anterior-posterior subregions, are few. This study assessed brain-cognition relationships between HC volumes, including the anterior-posterior subregions, item recall, and recognition, in 358 adults (52%♀; 20–80 yrs. at baseline, 221 returned at follow-up). Bivariate latent change score models assessed mean change, variance, and bidirectional associations between the hippocampal regions and the EM tasks. The influence of chronological age, sex, and education were included as covariates. The results showed that: larger baseline HC volume slowed subsequent decline in EM scores; higher associative memory scores at offset mitigated five-year HC volume loss; larger anterior HC volumes slowed decline in recognition memory, while larger posterior volumes mitigated decline in recall scores; the volume of the anterior HC was not associated with change in recall scores; and posterior HC volume did not predict change in recognition memory scores. The covariates examined — age, sex, and education— had some cross-sectional influence, but only limited longitudinal effects. The results explain the bidirectional associations in brain-cognition links, and how the distinct sub-regional HC correlates for recall and recognition, respectively. These results also shed light on potential links between maintained brain volumes and restored cognitive functions during the aging process.