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Combined Transcriptomic and Protein Array Cytokine Profiling of Human Stem Cells from Dental Apical Papilla Modulated by Oral Bacteria
Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Odontology. Department of Microbiology, Virology and Biotechnology, Mechnikov National University, Odesa, Ukraine.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-9645-7317
Department of Microbiology, Virology and Biotechnology, Mechnikov National University, Odesa, Ukraine.
Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Odontology.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-3536-4467
Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology.
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2022 (English)In: International Journal of Molecular Sciences, ISSN 1661-6596, E-ISSN 1422-0067, Vol. 23, no 9, article id 5098Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Stem cells from the apical papilla (SCAP) are a promising resource for use in regenerative endodontic treatment (RET) that may be adversely affected by oral bacteria, which in turn can exert an effect on the success of RET. Our work aims to study the cytokine profile of SCAP upon exposure to oral bacteria and their supernatants—Fusobacterium nucleatum and Enterococcus faecalis—as well as to establish their effect on the osteogenic and immunogenic potentials of SCAP. Further, we target the presence of key proteins of the Wnt/β-Catenin, TGF-β, and NF-κB signaling pathways, which play a crucial role in adult osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells, using the Western blot (WB) technique. The membrane-based sandwich immunoassay and transcriptomic analysis showed that, under the influence of F. nucleatum (both bacteria and supernatant), the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-8, and MCP-1 occurred, which was also confirmed at the mRNA level. Conversely, E. faecalis reduced the secretion of the aforementioned cytokines at both mRNA and protein levels. WB analysis showed that SCAP co-cultivation with E. faecalis led to a decrease in the level of the key proteins of the Wnt/β-Catenin and NF-κB signaling pathways: β-Catenin (p = 0.0068 *), LRP-5 (p = 0.0059 **), and LRP-6 (p = 0.0329 *), as well as NF-kB (p = 0.0034 **) and TRAF6 (p = 0.0285 *). These results suggest that oral bacteria can up-and downregulate the immune and inflammatory responses of SCAP, as well as influence the osteogenic potential of SCAP, which may negatively regulate the success of RET.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
MDPI, 2022. Vol. 23, no 9, article id 5098
Keywords [en]
cytokine secretion, endodontics, Fusobacterium nucleatum, IL-6, IL-8, immune response, osteogenic potential, regenerative endodontic treatment (RET), stem cells from the apical papilla (SCAP), transcriptome analysis
National Category
Dentistry Cell and Molecular Biology
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-194879DOI: 10.3390/ijms23095098ISI: 000799319900001PubMedID: 35563488Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85129389469OAI: oai:DiVA.org:umu-194879DiVA, id: diva2:1666791
Funder
Swedish Research Council, 2018-05973Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation, 7003503Region Västerbotten, 7004361The Kempe Foundations, SMK-1966Region Västerbotten, 7003459Region Västerbotten, 7003589Available from: 2022-06-09 Created: 2022-06-09 Last updated: 2026-04-21Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. From bacterial modulation of dental stem cells to novel therapeutic targets for promoting dental pulp repair and regeneration
Open this publication in new window or tab >>From bacterial modulation of dental stem cells to novel therapeutic targets for promoting dental pulp repair and regeneration
2026 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Alternative title[sv]
Från bakteriell modulering av dentala stamceller till nya terapeutiska mål för främjande av reparation och regeneration av tandpulpa
Abstract [en]

Regenerative endodontic treatment (RET) is a promising approach for managing immature permanent teeth that have lost pulp tissue due to infection or trauma. RET aims to support adequate tooth development by increasing root length, thickening root canal walls, and ultimately restoring vital tissue inside the canal. The success of RET largely depends on dental stem cells from the apical papilla (SCAP), which repopulate lost tissue within the root canal and contribute to its proper development.

Although RET demonstrates a high success rate, one of the main causes of treatment failure is bacterial infection. Bacterial persistence after treatment is considered the primary reason for failure or unpredictable outcomes. Considering current challenges, it is crucial to investigate the interaction between two key components in RET: SCAP and oral bacteria associated with treatment failure. Moreover, there is a need to explore biologically based antibacterial strategies that could reduce the bacterial load in the root canal without compromising SCAP viability and stemness.

This thesis is focused on investigating how oral bacteria associated with root canal treatment failure influence SCAP, and on exploring potential strategies, including probiotics, to control these bacteria.

In this dissertation, two approaches were used to evaluate the effect of bacteria on SCAP: short-term culture (24 hours), to study the primary cellular response to bacterial stimuli, and long-term culture (21 days), to examine the influence of nonviable bacteria and bacterial DNA on inflammatory and mineralization responses of cells. Short-term exposure revealed that opportunistic bacterium Fusobacterium nucleatum upregulated inflammatory marker production at both protein and mRNA levels, whereas another opportunist, Enterococcus faecalis, inhibited the inflammatory response. Transcriptome analysis further showed that both bacteria and their supernatants regulated the expression of genes potentially impairing SCAP differentiation capacity. Long-term exposure to non-viable bacteria and bacterial DNA revealed that inflammatory marker production persisted in SCAP after 21 days of bacterial stimulation, whereas DNA treatment did not produce the same effect. Mineralization of SCAP was enhanced after stimulation with non-viable bacteria—particularly F. nucleatum, E. faecalis, Actinomyces gerensceriae, and Slackia exigua—but not after exposure to bacterial DNA.

As a subsequent strategy, we investigated probiotic-mediated inhibition of E. faecalis adhesion to SCAP. A clinically isolated Lactobacillus gasseri strain that exhibits probiotic properties co-aggregated with a treatment failure–associated E. faecalis strain and reduced its adhesion to SCAP in vitro. These findings were confirmed in an in vivo Drosophila melanogaster gut model, which showed reduced E. faecalis binding, likely due to aggregation with L. gasseri.

In summary, we addressed the important issue of the presence of opportunistic bacteria in the root canal during RET, given their close interaction with SCAP. Clinically relevant species associated with treatment failure, particularly F. nucleatum and E. faecalis, as well as their metabolites, induced an inflammatory response and impaired the differentiation potential of SCAP. Subsequently we found that probiotic strain L. gasseri exhibited inhibitory effects on E. faecalis in both in vitro and in vivo models. These findings highlight the impact of persistent root canal bacteria on SCAP biology and their potential contribution to unsuccessful RET outcomes.

Future studies should explore multispecies interactions within the root canal microbiome with cells, as well as novel antibacterial strategies, including probiotic approaches, to improve RET success.

Abstract [en]

Regenerativ endodontisk behandling (RET) är en lovande terapi som syftar till att återskapa pulpavävnad inuti en rotkanal som har skadats till följd av infektion eller trauma. Behandlingen bidrar till fortsatt rotutveckling, vilket gör att den skadade tanden blir starkare och mer motståndskraftig jämfört med vid konventionell behandling. Metoden baseras på stamceller från rotspetsområdet (SCAP), vilka har potential att bilda ny vävnad i rotkanalen och därmed stödja rotutveckling.

Trots hög lyckandefrekvens (~90 %) utgör kvarvarande infektion i rotkanalen en viktig orsak till behandlingsmisslyckande. Vissa bakterier kan överleva trots desinfektering och kan påverka SCAP i rotkanalen negativt, vilket försämrar deras regenerativa förmåga. Fusobacterium nucleatum och Enterococcus faecalis är bakteriarter som associeras med misslyckad RET. Ökad kunskap om hur bakterier interagerar med stamcellerna samt utveckling av nya antimikrobiella strategier är därför avgörande för att förbättra behandlingsutfallet.

I denna avhandling undersöktes hur bakterier från rotkanalen påverkar SCAP. Inledningsvis studerades stamcellernas respons efter kortvarig bakterieexponering (24 timmar) och därefter efter långvarig exponering (21 dagar). Vidare undersöktes probiotisk behandling som en möjlig strategi för att stödja regenerativ behandling.

Våra resultat visar att F. nucleatum inducerade inflammatorisk respons i SCAP på både kort och lång sikt, medan E. faecalis inte framkallade inflammation. Däremot påverkades gener som är involverade i stamcellernas utveckling till olika celltyper och deras tillväxt, vilket är centrala processer för vävnadsregeneration. Efter 21 dagars exponering för flera munhålebakterier (F. nucleatum, E. faecalis, Actinomyces gerensceriae, Slackia exigua och Eubacterium yurii) ökade produktionen av en mineraliseringsmarkör, vilket kan indikera att cellerna initierade reparation av vävnaden snarare än regeneration.

Ett centralt fynd var att Lactobacillus gasseri, som är en bakteriestam med probiotiska egenskaper, kunde binda till E. faecalis och därigenom förhindra dess bindning till SCAP i laboratorieförsök. Med hjälp av en modell i fruktflugan (Drosophila melanogaster) bekräftades att L. gasseri minskade E. faecalis bindning till flugans vävnader, sannolikt genom bakterieaggregation.

Sammanfattningsvis visar avhandlingen att opportunistiska (potentiellt skadliga) bakterier i rotkanalen interagerar med SCAP och påverkar den regenerativa potentialen. Resultaten visar tydligt att det finns ett behov av utveckling av riktade antimikrobiella strategier för att öka den regenerativa endodontiska behandlingens lyckandefrekvens.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Umeå: Umeå University, 2026. p. 93
Series
Umeå University odontological dissertations, ISSN 0345-7532
Keywords
Regenerative endodontic treatment (RET), Fusobacterium nucleatum, Enterococcus faecalis, cytokines, transcriptome analysis, probiotics, Lactobacillus gasseri
National Category
Odontology
Research subject
Microbiology; Molecular Biology; Odontology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-252189 (URN)978-91-8070-996-5 (ISBN)978-91-8070-997-2 (ISBN)
Public defence
2026-05-22, Sal 921, Hörsal B, floor 9, Norrlandssjukhuset, Daniel Naezéns väg, 907 37, Umeå, 13:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
Region Västerbotten, TUA grant 977100Region Västerbotten, ALF grant RV-967705
Note

Link to participate via Zoom: https://umu.zoom.us/j/63254158008?pwd=atOJFewIp6Uca7B1monoNPbkotbsjF.1

Password: 367513

Available from: 2026-04-30 Created: 2026-04-18 Last updated: 2026-05-19Bibliographically approved

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Zymovets, ValeriiaRakhimova, OlenaAripaka, KarthikKelk, PeymanLandström, MaréneRomani Vestman, Nelly

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