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While this study indicates that there are substantial differences between parents and non-parent doctoral students in terms of collaborating with the supervisor, attending conferences and publish peer-reviewed articles, potential explanations for these differences has not been examined. One explanation could be that parents have more study breaks due to, e.g., sick leave or parental leave. Another explanation could be that parents, due to care responsibilities, have less time to devote to work than non-parents. Examining potential explanations for the observed differences are tasks for future research.