Prompted by the Macchiarini research fraud case, an Act on Research Misconduct was introduced in Sweden in January 2020. In accordance with international convention, it defines unlawful research misconduct as “…severe deviation from good research practice in the form of fabrication, falsification or plagiarism.” To qualify as severe, the misconduct must be either intentional or caused by serious neglect. Universities are obliged to report suspected cases for investigation by a newly established governmental agency. The Act does not include regulation of penalties or sanctions. The expected consequences of the Act and its limitations are discussed. The crucial roles of universities and scientific journals in the prevention of misconduct remain, and improved European legislation to protect whistleblowers is described. Future directions in the struggle against research misconduct include use of technical advances to detect data and image manipulation.