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Immune response to SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination in multiple sclerosis patients after rituximab treatment interruption
Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Microbiology.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-5384-8038
Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Microbiology.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-6048-5300
Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Microbiology.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-2018-8592
Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Microbiology. Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS). Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine at Umeå University (WCMM).
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2023 (English)In: Frontiers in Immunology, E-ISSN 1664-3224, Vol. 14, article id 1219560Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Peripheral B cell depletion via anti-CD20 treatment is a highly effective disease-modifying treatment for reducing new relapses in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. A drawback of rituximab (RTX) and other anti-CD20 antibodies is a poor immune response to vaccination. While this can be mitigated by treatment interruption of at least six months prior to vaccination, the timing to resume treatment while maintaining subsequent vaccine responses remains undetermined. Here, we characterized SARS-CoV-2 S-directed antibody and B cell responses throughout three BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine doses in RTX-treated MS patients, with the first two doses given during treatment interruption. We examined B-cell mediated immune responses in blood samples from patients with RTX-treated MS throughout three BNT162b2 vaccine doses, compared to an age- and sex-matched healthy control group. The first vaccine dose was given 1.3 years (median) after the last RTX infusion, the second dose one month after the first, and the third dose four weeks after treatment re-initiation. We analyzed SARS-CoV-2 S-directed antibody levels using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and the neutralization capacity of patient serum against SARS-CoV-2 S-pseudotyped lentivirus using luciferase reporter assay. In addition, we assessed switched memory (CD19+CD20+CD27+IgD-), unswitched memory (CD19+CD20+CD27+IgD+), naïve (CD19+CD20+CD27-IgD+), and double negative (DN, CD19+CD20+CD27-IgD-) B cell frequencies, as well as their SARS-CoV-2 S-specific (CoV+) and Decay Accelerating Factor-negative (DAF-) subpopulations, using flow cytometry. After two vaccine doses, S-binding antibody levels and neutralization capacity in SARS-CoV-2-naïve MS patients were comparable to vaccinated healthy controls, albeit with greater variation. Higher antibody response levels and CoV+-DN B cell frequencies after the second vaccine dose were predictive of a boost effect after the third dose, even after re-initiation of rituximab treatment. MS patients also exhibited lower frequencies of DAF- memory B cells, a suggested proxy for germinal centre activity, than control individuals. S-binding antibody levels in RTX-treated MS patients after two vaccine doses could help determine which individuals would need to move up their next vaccine booster dose or postpone their next RTX infusion. Our findings also offer first indications on the potential importance of antigenic stimulation of DN B cells and long-term impairment of germinal centre activity in rituximab-treated MS patients.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Frontiers Media S.A., 2023. Vol. 14, article id 1219560
Keywords [en]
B cell immunology, COVID-19, multiple sclerosis, rituximab, vaccination
National Category
Infectious Medicine Immunology in the medical area
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-212992DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1219560PubMedID: 37575257Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85167514064OAI: oai:DiVA.org:umu-212992DiVA, id: diva2:1789364
Funder
Region Västerbotten, RV-969133Swedish Research Council, 2020-0625Swedish Research Council, 2021-04665Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation, VA-2021-0018Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation, VA-2022-0008Science for Life Laboratory, SciLifeLabAvailable from: 2023-08-18 Created: 2023-08-18 Last updated: 2025-02-24Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. SARS-CoV-2 and the human immune system: disease, vaccination, and treatment
Open this publication in new window or tab >>SARS-CoV-2 and the human immune system: disease, vaccination, and treatment
2024 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Alternative title[sv]
SARS-CoV-2 och det mänskliga immunsystemet : sjukdomar, vaccination och behandling
Abstract [en]

The worldwide pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 had a tremendously negative impact on society and human health. An infection can lead toCOVID-19, a severe disease resulting from a dysregulated inflammatory response, causing severe organ damage and possible death. Vaccination induces B cells to produce pathogen-specific antibodies and differentiate into memory B cells, offering long-term protection against severe disease. However, individuals with conditions such as multiple sclerosis (MS), organ transplantation, or B-cell lymphoma, are treated with immunosuppressants and are at a higher risk for infection. In these individuals vaccines generally exhibit lower efficacy and offer limited protection. Therefore, a coordinated administration of vaccine doses during immunosuppressing medication is recommended. In some cases even a deliberate vaccination does not protect individuals from infection and persistent viremia. For this, different virus-neutralizing agents like intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIGs) collected from healthy virus-experienced individuals show treatment potential.

This thesis focuses on the reaction of the innate immune system to SARSCoV-2 during acute disease, and the clinical impact of vaccination and lastly viremia treatment with IVIGs in different immunocompromised cohorts. First, we found an elevation of pro-inflammatory cytokines during acute disease, with a sex-specific IL-18 increase in men with severe disease. This correlated with a higher inflammatory neutrophil activity in these individuals. Second, we assessed the protective ability of vaccination in MS patients during B-cell depletion therapy interruption. We could show higher levels of virus-neutralizing antibodies in a high-responding subset of patients after three doses. These antibody levels remained high in blood even after recommencing B cell depleting medication. Finally, immunocompromised individuals with persistent SARS-CoV-2 viremia were treated with IVIG collected from virus-experienced individuals. These antibodies efficiently neutralized several SARS-CoV-2 variants and facilitated patient recovery. In summary, this thesis contributes to the understanding of sex-specific acute COVID-19, and the vaccination and treatment of immunocompromised individuals against SARS-CoV-2.

Abstract [sv]

Den globala pandemin orsakad av SARS-CoV-2 har haft en enormt negativ påverkan på samhället och människors hälsa. En infektion kan leda till COVID-19, en allvarlig sjukdom som resulterar från en dysreglerad inflammatorisk respons, vilket orsakar svår organskada och potentiellt död. Vaccination inducerar B-celler att producera patogenspecifika antikroppar och differentiera till minnes B-celler, vilket erbjuder långvarigt skydd mot svår sjukdom. Emellertid har individer med tillstånd som multipel skleros (MS), organtransplantation eller Bcell-lymfom, som behandlas med immunsuppressiva läkemedel, en högre risk för infektion. Hos dessa individer uppvisar vacciner generellt lägre effektivitet och erbjuder begränsat skydd. Därför rekommenderas en samordnad administration av vaccindoser under immunsuppressiv behandling. I vissa fall skyddar även en avsiktlig vaccination individer från infektion och kvarstående viremia. För detta visar olika virusneutraliserande medel som intravenösa immunoglobuliner (IVIG), insamlade från friska virus-erfarna individer, behandlingspotential.

Denna avhandling fokuserar på reaktionen av det medfödda immunsystemet på SARS-CoV-2 under akuta sjukdomar, samt den kliniska effekten av vaccination och slutligen behandling av viremia med IVIG i olika immunokomprometterade kohorter. För det första fann vi en ökning av pro-inflammatoriska cytokiner under akuta sjukdomar, med en könsspecifik ökning av IL-18 hos män med svår sjukdom. Detta korrelerade med en högre inflammatorisk neutrofilaktivitet hos dessa individer. För det andra bedömde vi det skyddande förmågan ho svaccination hos MS-patienter under avbrott av B-celldepletionsbehandling. Vi kunde visa högre nivåer av virusneutraliserande antikroppar i en högresponsiv subgrupp av patienter efter tre doser. Dessa antikroppsnivåer förblev höga i blodet även efter att B-cell-depletionsmedicineringen återupptogs. Slutligen behandlades immunokomprometterade individer med kvarstående SARS-CoV-2 viremia med IVIG insamlade från virus-erfarna individer. Dessa antikroppar neutraliserade effektivt flera SARS-CoV-2-varianter och underlättade patientåterhämtning. Sammanfattningsvis bidrar denna avhandling till förståelsen av könsspecifik akut COVID-19, samt vaccination och behandling av immunokomprometterade individer mot SARS-CoV-2.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Umeå: Umeå University, 2024. p. 45
Series
Umeå University medical dissertations, ISSN 0346-6612 ; 2321
Keywords
SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, vaccination, immunosuppressed, IVIG, rituximab
National Category
Immunology in the medical area
Research subject
Immunology; Immunology; Infectious Diseases
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-230214 (URN)978-91-8070-477-9 (ISBN)978-91-8070-478-6 (ISBN)
Public defence
2024-10-25, Hörsal 6E-E04, Norrlands Universitetssjukhus, Umeå, 13:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2024-10-04 Created: 2024-10-01 Last updated: 2024-10-01Bibliographically approved

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Gröning, RemigiusDernstedt, AndyAhlm, ClasNormark, JohanSundström, PeterForsell, Mattias N. E.

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