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Breastfeeding in primiparous women with congenital heart disease: a register study
Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Nursing.
Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-0976-6910
Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Obstetrics and Gynecology. Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Nursing.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-8607-9220
Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Nursing.
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2024 (English)In: International Breastfeeding Journal, E-ISSN 1746-4358, Vol. 19, no 1, article id 19Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Background: The number of pregnant women with congenital heart disease (CHD) is rising, and the disease poses increased risks of cardiovascular and obstetric complications during pregnancy, potentially impacting breastfeeding success. This study aimed to investigate breastfeeding in primiparous women with CHD compared to primiparous women without CHD, and to examine potential hindering factors for breastfeeding in women with CHD.

Methods: The data were gathered between 2014 and 2019 and obtained by merging the Swedish Congenital Heart Disease Register (SWEDCON) with the Swedish Pregnancy Register. Primiparous women ≥ 18 years of age with CHD (n = 578) were matched by age and municipality to 3049 women without CHD, giving birth after 22 gestational weeks. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to identify factors associated with non-breastfeeding in women with CHD.

Results: Fewer women with CHD breastfed than women without CHD two days (94% vs. 97%, p = 0.001) and four weeks after birth (84% vs. 89%, p = 0.006). When all women were analysed, having CHD was associated with non-breastfeeding at both two days and four weeks after birth. For women with CHD, body mass index (BMI) ≥ 30 (OR 3.1; 95% CI 1.4, 7.3), preterm birth (OR 6.4; 95% CI 2.1, 19.0), self-reported history of psychiatric illness (OR 2.4; 95% CI 1.2, 5.1), small for gestational age (OR 4.2; 95% CI 1.4, 12.2), and New York Heart Association Stages of Heart Failure class II − III (OR 6.0; 95% CI 1.4, 26.7) were associated with non-breastfeeding two days after birth. Four weeks after birth, factors associated with non-breastfeeding were BMI ≥ 30 (OR 4.3; 95% CI 2.1, 9.0), self-reported history of psychiatric illness (OR 2.2; 95% CI 1.2, 4.2), and preterm birth (OR 8.9; 95% CI 2.8, 27.9).

Conclusions: The study shows that most women with CHD breastfeed, however, at a slightly lower proportion compared to women without CHD. In addition, factors related to the heart disease were not associated with non-breastfeeding four weeks after birth. Since preterm birth, BMI ≥ 30, and psychiatric illness are associated with non-breastfeeding, healthcare professionals should provide greater support to women with CHD having these conditions.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
BioMed Central (BMC), 2024. Vol. 19, no 1, article id 19
National Category
Cardiology and Cardiovascular Disease Nursing
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-222559DOI: 10.1186/s13006-024-00627-yISI: 001190554400002PubMedID: 38509505Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85188251664OAI: oai:DiVA.org:umu-222559DiVA, id: diva2:1846095
Funder
Umeå UniversityNorrländska HjärtfondenSwedish Heart Lung FoundationThe Swedish Heart and Lung AssociationAvailable from: 2024-03-21 Created: 2024-03-21 Last updated: 2026-01-28Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Childbirth and parenthood among adults with congenital heart disease: register studies and perspectives from parents and midwives
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Childbirth and parenthood among adults with congenital heart disease: register studies and perspectives from parents and midwives
2026 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Alternative title[sv]
Födsel och föräldraskap bland vuxna med medfött hjärtfel : registerstudier och perspektiv från föräldrar och barnmorskor
Abstract [en]

Background: Today, more than 95% of children with congenital heart disease (CHD) reach adulthood, allowing many to consider parenthood. While research has focused on pregnancy-related morbidity and mortality, universal situations of childbirth and parenthood for this group remain sparsely explored. Given the lifelong follow-up and increased health risks for adults with CHD, the condition may influence parental experiences. The aim of this thesis was therefore to improve understanding of the universal aspects of childbirth and parenthood in adult CHD, by integrating reported outcomes with the perspectives of affected adults and midwives.

Methods: This thesis includes four studies.  In the register studies (study I and II), data were obtained from two national quality registers. to compare women with CHD with matched controls in terms of self-rated health before, during and after pregnancy (study I), and breastfeeding two days and four weeks after birth (study II). In the other, semi-structured interviews were used to explore experiences of parenthood among adults with CHD, and how midwives articulate their role in the childbirth of women with CHD.

Results: During and after childbirth: No significant difference in the prevalence of good self-rated health after childbirth was observed between women with CHD and their matched controls (CHD 81% vs. controls 82%, p = 0.46). However, breastfeeding rates four weeks after birth differed between the two groups (CHD 84% vs. controls 89%, p = 0.006), although the difference was relatively small. Sociodemographic factors demonstrated strong associations with both poor self-rated health and lower breastfeeding rates among women with CHD. Parenthood with adult CHD: Parenthood led to the vulnerability due to CHD becoming more apparent. The presence of a co-parent and social network was emphasised as supportive in daily life. Also important was the opportunity to process life experiences and emotions with professionals. Midwives’ role when women with CHD give birth: Midwives described an interprofessional communication gap. They experienced stress due to the great responsibility they felt, in combination with a lack of background knowledge about CHD. This resulted in an ideological dilemma, as the time they would have used to provide normal childbirth support was instead devoted to medical tasks. 

Conclusions: Parenthood with CHD is highly individual and shaped not only by the condition itself but also by sociodemographic factors and personal health perception. Nevertheless, the need for emotional support must be acknowledged, as becoming a parent may heighten one’s sense of vulnerability. Furthermore, communication between the professionals involved in childbirth among women with CHD needs to be improved to strengthen the understanding of responsibilities and knowledge.

Abstract [sv]

Bakgrund: Idag blir ca. 95% av alla barn med medfödda hjärtfel vuxna och det har lett till att fler personer i gruppen har en önskan om egna barn. När det gäller föräldraskap har graviditetsrelaterad sjuklighet i relation till medfött hjärtfel hittills varit fokus i forskningsfältet. Allmängiltiga situationer i förlossning och föräldraskap är dock fortfarande ett relativt outforskat område. Med tanke på behovet av medicinska uppföljningar genom livet och de ökade riskerna för sjuklighet som medfött hjärtfel kan leda till skulle tillståndet kunna komma att påverka föräldraskap. Syftet med den här avhandlingen är därför att undersöka vanliga aspekter i förlossning och föräldraskap hos vuxna med medfödda hjärtfel och barnmorskor.

Metoder: Avhandlingen omfattar fyra studier, varav två baseras på registerdata och två på individuella intervjuer. Registerstudierna inkluderar data från två svenska kvalitetsregister och jämför kvinnor med medfött hjärtfel med en matchad kontrollgrupp. Studie I: självskattad hälsa före, under och efter graviditet. Studie II: frekvens av amning två dagar och fyra veckor efter förlossningen. Semi-strukturerade individuella intervjuer används som datainsamlingsmetod i studie III och IV. Då undersöks hur vuxna med medfött hjärtfel erfar sitt föräldraskap, samt hur barnmorskor beskriver sin roll när de tar hand om födande kvinnor med medfött hjärtfel.

Resultat: Under och efter förlossning: Inga signifikanta skillnader observerades i bra självskattad hälsa efter förlossning mellan kvinnor med medfött hjärtfel och matchade kontrollkvinnor (kvinnor med medfött hjärtfel 81% jämfört med kontroller 82%, p = 0,46). Amningsfrekvensen skilde sig däremot mellan grupperna fyra veckor efter förlossningen, men skillnaden var relativt liten (kvinnor med medfött hjärtfel 84% jämfört med kontroller 89%, p = 0,006). Sociodemografiska faktorer spelade en betydande roll både för dålig självskattad hälsa och för att inte amma bland kvinnor med medfött hjärtfel. Förälder med medfött hjärtfel: Som förälder blev hjärtfelet mer påtagligt och vikten av det sociala nätverket och speciellt medföräldern betonades som ett stöd i vardagen. Att bearbeta livserfarenheter med professionellt stöd lyftes också fram som en viktig aspekt för att kunna acceptera sin livssituation. Barnmorskans roll när kvinnor med medfött hjärtfel föder barn: Barnmorskorna beskrev bristande kommunikation mellan olika yrkesgrupper när kvinnor med medfött hjärtfel födde barn. De upplevde stress på grund av det stora ansvar de kände, i kombination med bristande bakgrundskunskap om medfött hjärtfel. Detta resulterade i ett ideologiskt dilemma, eftersom den tid de skulle ha använt för att ge normalt förlossningsstöd istället ägnades åt medicinska uppgifter. 

Sammanfattning: Hur föräldraskap med medfött hjärtfel fungerar är mycket individuellt och formas inte bara av själva sjukdomen utan också av sociodemografiska faktorer och den egna synen på hälsa. Trots att vuxna med medfött hjärtfel uttryckte hälsa och normalitet beskrevs behovet av stöd. Vuxna med medfött hjärtfel bör erbjudas emotionellt stöd, eftersom föräldraskap i kombination av hjärtsjukdom kan förstärka känslan av sårbarhet i livet. Interprofessionell kommunikation under förlossningen behöver utvecklas för att kunna öka kunskap och förståelse för barnmorskans roll och arbetsuppgifter.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Umeå: Umeå University, 2026. p. 65
Series
Umeå University medical dissertations, ISSN 0346-6612 ; 2406
Keywords
Congenital heart disease, chronic disease, parenthood, nursing, midwifery, self-rated health, breastfeeding
National Category
Nursing
Research subject
Caring Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-249102 (URN)978-91-8070-922-4 (ISBN)978-91-8070-923-1 (ISBN)
Public defence
2026-02-27, Aula Biologica BIO.E.203, Biologihuset, Umeå universitet, Umeå, 09:00 (Swedish)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2026-02-06 Created: 2026-01-28 Last updated: 2026-01-29Bibliographically approved

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Holstad, YlvaJohansson, BengtLindqvist, MariaWestergren, AgnetaBay, Annika

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