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Sexual reproduction in malaria parasites is essential for their transmission to mosquitoes and offers a divergent eukaryote model to understand the evolution of sex. Through a panel of genetic screens in Plasmodium berghei, we identify 348 sex and transmission-related genes and define roles for unstudied genes as putative targets for transmission-blocking interventions. The functional data provide a deeper understanding of female metabolic reprogramming, meiosis, and the axoneme. We identify a complex of a SUN domain protein (SUN1) and a putative allantoicase (ALLC1) that is essential for male fertility by linking the microtubule organizing center to the nuclear envelope and enabling mitotic spindle formation during male gametogenesis. Both proteins have orthologs in mouse testis, and the data raise the possibility of an ancient role for atypical SUN domain proteins in coupling the nucleus and axoneme. Altogether, our data provide an unbiased picture of the molecular processes that underpin malaria parasite transmission. A record of this paper's transparent peer review process is included in the supplemental information.