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Instantaneous asymmetry of the Martian bow shock: a single- and dual-spacecraft study using MAVEN and Mars express
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Physics.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-6598-0666
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Physics.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-5379-1158
Department of Mathematics, Physics and Electrical Engineering, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
2025 (English)In: Astronomy and Astrophysics, ISSN 0004-6361, E-ISSN 1432-0746, Vol. 694, article id A50Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Aims. We study the instantaneous asymmetry of the Martian bow shock during a change in the direction of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) and for steady-state conditions. Specifically, we study the asymmetry with regard to the convective electric field and to the crustal fields of Mars.

Methods. Two methods were used: First, a single-spacecraft method in which a switch in hemisphere in the Mars solar-electric (MSE) coordinate system was studied during a change in the direction of the interplanetary magnetic field. Second, we used a dual-spacecraft method wherein near simultaneous bow shock crossings on opposite hemispheres were studied. The dual bow shock crossings were then compared to a bow shock model, and the difference in the distance to the model was used as a measure of asymmetry.

Results. With the single-spacecraft method, an asymmetry with respect to the solar wind convective electric field, Esw, was found, wherein the bow shock was farther from the planet in the ZMSE <0 hemisphere, that is, the - E hemisphere. With the dual-spacecraft method, the mean of the magnitude of the asymmetries in the individual case was 0.13 RM. However, the standard deviation was as high as the mean, and no significant asymmetry could be attributed either to the solar wind convective electric field or to the Martian crustal fields. A strong asymmetry without a clear correlation to these factors was found nonetheless. Possible causes of the measured asymmetry are discussed.

Conclusions. The magnitude of the asymmetries in individual observations is larger than the average asymmetries. This indicates that the shape of the Martian bow shock is dynamic and influenced by fluctuations or wave phenomena.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
EDP Sciences, 2025. Vol. 694, article id A50
Keywords [en]
Planets and satellites: dynamical evolution and stability, Planets and satellites: general, Planets and satellites: magnetic fields, Plasmas, Shock waves
National Category
Fusion, Plasma and Space Physics Astronomy, Astrophysics and Cosmology
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-235376DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/202450449ISI: 001411854100010Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85217019662OAI: oai:DiVA.org:umu-235376DiVA, id: diva2:1939292
Funder
Swedish National Space Board, 2023-00208Swedish National Space Board, 194/19Available from: 2025-02-21 Created: 2025-02-21 Last updated: 2025-09-22Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Structure of the Martian bow shock
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Structure of the Martian bow shock
2025 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Alternative title[sv]
Strukturen hos Mars bogchock
Abstract [en]

A shock forms when a supersonic flow meets an obstacle. The supersonic speed of the flow ensures that information of the obstacle cannot travel in the anti-flow direction to warn the flow of the obstacle, and as such there is no chance of the flow losing enough energy and momentum other than in the shock. Shocks are ubiquitous in the universe, for example forming during the outflow from supernovas, which contribute to distributing mass across the universe when particles are accelerated at these shocks. Due to the vast distances in our universe, the shocks of our solar system are our only in-situ laboratories for studying shocks. Because of the resemblance to the bow wave in front of a ship, we call the shocks in front of planets, comets, and moons bow shocks. This thesis studies the structure of the Martian bow shock and its dependence on external and internal factors. For this purpose, we have used spacecraft observations from the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) mission and from Mars Express, and numerical simulations using the kinetic hybrid model Amitis. 

In the first study, we use MAVEN data to quantify the width of the quasi-perpendicular Martian bow shock region and to study what factors affect it. We show that the magnetosonic Mach number, dynamic pressure, critical ratio, and overshoot amplitude affect the width. In the second study, we investigate the instantaneous asymmetry of the Martian bow shock using data from MAVEN. We use two methods, one single-spacecraft method, and one dual-spacecraft method. With the single-spacecraft method, we find an asymmetry with respect to the solar wind convective electric field. With the dual-spacecraft method, we find no significant asymmetry attributed to a specific cause, but we do observe strong asymmetry on a case by case basis. 

In the third paper, we present the first statistical study of jets in the Martian plasma environment using 10 years of MAVEN data. We find that jets in the Martian plasma environment are similar to jets observed in the terrestrial magnetosheath, with some notable differences such that for Martian jets the density enhancement dominates over the velocity enhancement. In the fourth study, using the hybrid model Amitis, we investigate what process brings the supersonic flow to subsonic for three different directions of the interplanetary magnetic field. We find that the more parallel the field becomes with respect to the flow direction, the more upstream disturbances form and scatter the impinging solar wind. This decreases the solar wind momentum toward Mars and leads to the planetary plasma expanding to distances past the location of the nominal shock location. In the fifth paper, we propose a space mission to Mars that would help answer many of the questions that cannot be answered with the data sets we have today.

Abstract [sv]

En chock uppstår när ett supersoniskt flöde möter ett hinder. Den supersoniska hastigheten hos flödet säkerställer att information om hindret inte hinner resa i motflödesriktning för att varna flödet om hindret, och på så sätt finns det ingen chans för flödet att förlora tillräckligt med energi och rörelsemängdsmoment förutom i en chock. Chockvågor är vanligt förekommande i universum, där de till exempel formas vid utflödet från supernovor, vilket leder till distribuering av massa i universum när partiklar accelereras vid dessa chockvågor. Tillföljd av de ofantliga avstånden i vårt universum så är chockvågorna i vårt solsystem våra enda insitu laboratorier för att studera chockar. På grund av deras likhet med bogvågor framför skepp, kallar vi chockarna framför planeter, kometer, och månar för bogchockar. Denna avhandling studerar strukturen hos Mars bogchock, och dess beroende på externa och interna faktorer. För detta ändamål har vi använt oss av rymdfarkostobservationer från MAVEN och Mars Express, och numeriska simulationer från den kinetiska hybridmodellen Amitis.

I den första studien använder vi oss av MAVEN data för att kvantifiera bredden hos den Marsianska kvasi-vinkelräta bogchocken och för att studera vilka faktorer som påverkar den. Vi visar att det magnetosoniska Machtalet, dynamiska trycket, kritiska kvoten, och översvängningssamplituden påverkar bredden. I den andra studien undersöker vi den momentana asymmetrin hos den Marsianska bogchocken med hjälp av data från rymduppdragen Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) och Mars Express. Vi använder oss av två metoder, en enfarkostmetod och en tvåfarkostmetod. Med enfarkostmetoden finner vi asymmetri med avseende på solvindens konvektiva elektriska fält. Med tvåfarkostmetoden finner vi ingen signifikant asymmetri med avseende på de studerade faktorerna, men vi observerar stor asymmetri från fall till fall. 

I den tredje studien presenterar vi den första statistiska studen av plasmajetar vid Mars, där vi använder oss av 10 år av MAVEN data. Vi finner att jetar i Mars plasmamiljö liknar jetar i Jordens magnetskikt, med vissa anmärkningsvärda skillnader, så som att för Marsianska jetar så dominerar densitetsförhöjningen över hastighetsförhöjningen. I den fjärde studien, där vi använder den kinetiska hybridmodellen Amitis, undersöker vi vilken process som resulterar i att det supersoniska flödet blir subsoniskt för tre olika interplanetära magnetfältsriktningar. Vi finner att desto mer parallellt magnetfältet blir med avseende på flödesriktningen, desto fler störningar skapas uppströms om bogchocken och sprider ut den inkommande solvinden, vilket minskar solvindsrörelsemängdsmomentet mot Mars. Detta gör också att den planetära plasman expanderar till avstånd utanför det nominella bogchocksavståndet. I den femte studien så föreslår vi ett rymduppdrag till Mars som skulle hjälpa att besvara många av de frågor som inte kan bli besvarade med de dataset vi har idag.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Umeå: Umeå University, 2025. p. 64
Keywords
Bow shock, Mars, solar wind, plasma physics, space plasmas, Bogchock, Mars, solvind, plasmafysik, rymdplasman
National Category
Fusion, Plasma and Space Physics
Research subject
Space and Plasma Physics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-244321 (URN)978-91-8070-764-0 (ISBN)978-91-8070-763-3 (ISBN)
Public defence
2025-10-17, TEK.A.324, Teknikhuset, Linnaeus väg, Umeå, Umeå, 09:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2025-09-26 Created: 2025-09-19 Last updated: 2025-09-22Bibliographically approved

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Nesbit-Östman, SaraGunell, Herbert

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