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Optimizing autonomous wheel loader performance: an end-to-end approach
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Physics. Komatsu Ltd., Tokyo, Japan. (Digital Physics)
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Computing Science. Karlstad University, Karlstad, Sweden.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-8704-9584
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Physics. Algoryx Simulation AB, Umeå, Sweden. (Digital Physics)ORCID iD: 0000-0002-0787-4988
2025 (English)In: Automation, ISSN 2673-4052, Vol. 6, no 3, article id 31Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Wheel loaders in mines and construction sites repeatedly load soil from a pile to load receivers. Automating this task presents a challenging planning problem since each loading’s performance depends on the pile state, which depends on previous loadings. We investigate an end-to-end optimization approach considering future loading outcomes and transportation costs between the pile and load receivers. To predict the evolution of the pile state and the loading performance, we use world models that leverage deep neural networks trained on numerous simulated loading cycles. A look-ahead tree search optimizes the sequence of loading actions by evaluating the performance of thousands of action candidates, which expand into subsequent action candidates under the predicted pile states recursively. Test results demonstrate that, over a horizon of 15 sequential loadings, the look-ahead tree search is 6% more efficient than a greedy strategy, which always selects the action that maximizes the current single loading performance, and 14% more efficient than using a fixed loading controller optimized for the nominal case.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
MDPI, 2025. Vol. 6, no 3, article id 31
Keywords [en]
wheel loader, automation, optimization, look-ahead tree search, world model, deep learning
National Category
Computer Sciences Computational Mathematics Other Physics Topics
Research subject
Physics
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-242331DOI: 10.3390/automation6030031ISI: 001579346100001001579346100001Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-1050174129982-s2.0-105017412998OAI: oai:DiVA.org:umu-242331DiVA, id: diva2:1985375
Available from: 2025-07-23 Created: 2025-07-23 Last updated: 2025-12-05Bibliographically approved

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Aoshima, KojiWadbro, EddieServin, Martin

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