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Tunable and reusable CVD diamond surfaces for thermally stable SERS
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Physics.ORCID iD: 0009-0002-9248-5748
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Physics.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-0168-0197
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Physics.
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Physics.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-0129-9350
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(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
National Category
Nanotechnology for Material Science Nanotechnology for/in Life Science and Medicine Atom and Molecular Physics and Optics
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-244062OAI: oai:DiVA.org:umu-244062DiVA, id: diva2:1997012
Available from: 2025-09-11 Created: 2025-09-11 Last updated: 2025-09-30Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Shaping light at the surface: plasmonic and nanophotonic structures for sensing and heat control
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Shaping light at the surface: plasmonic and nanophotonic structures for sensing and heat control
2025 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Alternative title[sv]
Ytor som formar ljus : plasmoniska och nanofotoniska strukturer för detektion och värmekontroll
Abstract [en]

Light is a central part of how we perceive and interact with the world, shaping the colors ofour surroundings, the images we capture, and the signals we use to communicate. Its behavior is influenced not only by its intrinsic properties but also by the materials and structures it encounters. At familiar scales, this is expressed through everyday phenomena such as reflection, refraction, and absorption. When these interactions are controlled at the nanoscale, however, new effects emerge, as materials can be structured to manipulate light in ways that do not occur in bulk systems. These possibilities define the field of nanophotonics, within which plasmonics has emerged as a versatile approach that uses the collective motion of electrons in metals to concentrate light at the nanoscale, with applications ranging from molecular disease detection to solar–thermal energy conversion.

Part of this thesis explores how structured surfaces can be used to control light through plasmonic nanostructures, with particular attention to surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). To provide reliable and accessible sensing platforms, two contrasting metasurfaces were developed using gold-coated polymer and diamond substrates. The polymer platforms, fabricated by nanoimprint lithography, offered low-cost and large-area reproducibility, whereas the diamond substrates, grown by chemical vapor deposition, provided recyclable bases with enhanced thermal stability. In a complementary direction, surface oxidation of stainless steel was employed to form thin oxide films of controlled thickness, which exploited interference effects to improve solar absorption and demonstrated how even simple materials can be structured for cost-effective energy applications.

The second part of the thesis focuses on biosensing, with particular attention to the detection of bacterial spores, which represent a persistent challenge in both public health and industry. Spores are dormant bacterial cell types that can survive extreme conditions that normally eliminate pathogens, including heat, radiation, disinfectants, and nutrient deprivation. Their resilience allows them to remain viable for long periods and to reactivate when conditions improve, making them a source of contamination and disease in food production, healthcare environments, and even biodefense, where species such as Bacillus anthracis are of concern. In this thesis, a SERS-based method was developed using gold nanorods to identify spores of Bacillus thuringiensis through the spore-specific biomarker calcium dipicolinate (CaDPA), enabling qualitative detection at concentrations as low as 103 spores/mL. Applicability was further examined in a case study with milk spiked at 106 spores/mL, where detection after dilution confirmed that the method can operate in a complex food matrix. Complementary work investigated the adhesion of Bacillus paranthracis spores to industrially relevant surfaces, showing that filament-like endospore appendages promote attachment to stainless steel and polypropylene while having less influence on glass or polystyrene. Together, these studies provide both a method for spore detection and insights into spore–surface interactions, offering knowledge relevant to contamination control in food and related industries.

The work presented in this thesis provides perspectives on the design of plasmonic sensing substrates, the use of thin oxide films for solar absorption, and the detection and adhesion of bacterial spores on technological surfaces. Taken together with the theoretical background and practical considerations developed throughout the thesis, these studies demonstrate how plasmonic and nanophotonic concepts can be translated into functional platforms and applied across different contexts.

Abstract [sv]

Ljus är en grundläggande del av hur vi uppfattar och samspelar med vår omvärld. Det påverkar färgerna i vår omgivning, de bilder vi tar och de signaler vi använder för kommunikation. Ljuset formas inte enbart av sina inre egenskaper, utan också av de material och strukturer det möter. På vardagliga skalor tar detta sig uttryck i fenomen som reflektion, brytning och absorption. När interaktionerna däremot styrs på nanonivå uppstår nya effekter, eftersom material kan designas för att manipulera ljus på sätt som inte är möjliga i bulkform. Detta utgör grunden för nanofotonik, inom vilket plasmonik har etablerat sig som en mångsidig metod. Genom att utnyttja elektronernas kollektiva rörelser i metaller kan ljus koncentreras på nanoskalan, med tillämpningar som sträcker sig från molekylär sjukdomsdiagnostik till sol–termisk energikonvertering.

En del av denna avhandling undersöker hur strukturerade ytor kan användas för att styra ljus via plasmoniska nanostrukturer, med särskilt fokus på ytförstärkt Ramanspridning (SERS). För att skapa tillförlitliga och lättillgängliga sensorer utvecklades två olika typer av metaytor baserade på guldöverdragna polymer- respektive diamantsubstrat. Polymerplattformarna, framställda med nanoimprintlitografi, erbjöd en kostnadseffektiv och storskalig tillverkningsmetod, medan diamantsubstraten, odlade genom kemisk ångdeposition, gav återanvändbara baser med hög termisk stabilitet. I ett kompletterande spår användes kontrollerad ytoxidation av rostfritt stål för att framställa tunna oxidfilmer. Dessa utnyttjade interferenseffekter för förbättrad solabsorption och illustrerade hur även enkla material kan struktureras för billiga och effektiva energilösningar.

Avhandlingens andra del fokuserar på biosensorik, med särskild betoning på detektion av bakteriella sporer, en långvarig utmaning inom både folkhälsa och industri. Sporer är vilande cellformer som kan överleva extrema förhållanden som normalt eliminerar patogener, inklusive värme, strålning, desinfektionsmedel och näringsbrist. Deras motståndskraft gör att de kan förbli livskraftiga under lång tid och återaktiveras när förhållandena förbättras. Därmed utgör de en riskkälla inom livsmedelsproduktion, vårdmiljöer och även inom bioförsvar, där arter som Bacillus anthracis är särskilt relevanta. I denna avhandling utvecklades en SERS-baserad metod med guldnanostavar för att identifiera sporer av Bacillus thuringiensis via den sporespecifika biomarkören kalciumdipikolinat (CaDPA). Metoden möjliggjorde kvalitativ detektion vid koncentrationer så låga som 103 sporer/mL. Metodens praktiska användbarhet testades vidare i en fallstudie med mjölk som spätts till 106 sporer/mL, där detektion efter utspädning bekräftade att tekniken fungerar även i en komplex livsmedelsmatris. Kompletterande experiment undersökte hur sporer av Bacillus paranthracis fäster vid industriellt relevanta ytor. Resultaten visade att filamentliknande utskott på sporerna underlättade vidhäftning till rostfritt stål och polypropen, medan effekten var mindre uttalad på glas och polystyren. Tillsammans ger dessa studier både en metod för sporesdetektion och fördjupad kunskap om spore–ytinteraktioner, med relevans för kontroll av kontaminering inom livsmedelsindustrin och angränsande områden.

Sammanfattningsvis presenterar denna avhandling nya perspektiv på utformning av plasmoniska sensorsubstrat, användning av tunna oxidfilmer för solabsorption samt studier av detektion och adhesion av bakteriella sporer på teknologiska ytor. Tillsammans med den teoretiska bakgrunden och de praktiska överväganden som behandlas visar resultaten hur nanofotoniska och plasmoniska koncept kan omsättas i funktionella plattformar med tillämpningar i skilda sammanhang.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Umeå: Umeå University, 2025. p. 74
Keywords
SERS, Plasmonics, Spores, Biosensing, Metasurface, NIL, CVD, Diamond, Selective coatings
National Category
Biophysics Nanotechnology for Energy Applications Nanotechnology for Material Science Atom and Molecular Physics and Optics Microbiology
Research subject
nanomaterials; nanoparticles; Microbiology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-244072 (URN)978-91-8070-761-9 (ISBN)978-91-8070-762-6 (ISBN)
Public defence
2025-10-03, Rotundan, Universum-Aula Nordica, Umeå, 09:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2025-09-12 Created: 2025-09-11 Last updated: 2025-09-15Bibliographically approved
2. Spotlight the killer: detecting harmful chemical and biological agents using optical spectroscopy
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Spotlight the killer: detecting harmful chemical and biological agents using optical spectroscopy
2025 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Alternative title[sv]
Lyset på mördaren : detektion av skadliga kemiska och biologiska ämnen med hjälp av optisk spektroskopi
Abstract [en]

Harmful chemical and biological agents are a significant threat to health and prosperity worldwide. Recent years have seen an increase in wars and conflicts around the globe, raising concerns about the potential deployment of chemical and biological warfare agents. On a less speculative level, harmful chemicals such as narcotic substances cause immense humanitarian and economic damage through overdoses and associated healthcare costs, while microbes such as pathogenic bacteria and parasites cause hospital-acquired infections and food spoilage at a cost of approximately 1 trillion euros every year. To combat the threat of these harmful agents, we must thus develop rapid and effective detection and diagnostic methods for harmful agents, allowing us to effectively deploy specific treatments and preventative measures.

Classically, while there exist numerous methods for the detection of both harmful chemical and biological agents, they often come with limitations that inhibit their effectiveness. These inhibitions often take the form of bulky equipment that is difficult to apply in the field or time-consuming preparation and measurement processes.

In this thesis we will explore an alternative category of assays for detecting and characterizing harmful materials – optical spectroscopy. Optical spectroscopy is a category of material characterization methods that use light to probe a material. While probing the material, we receive a signal characteristic of the molecules, chemical, and biological structure of our material. These optical spectroscopic methods, such as Raman spectroscopy and fluorescence spectroscopy, can be used to characterize a material within the span of minutes or even seconds, making them ideal for detection applications. Furthermore, they can often be made portable or even handheld, making them a great tool for initial field indication of harmful materials, ahead of thorough lab analysis.

I sincerely hope the studies presented herein can serve as a stepping stone to future technologies and detection assays, capable of saving both money and lives. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Umeå: Umeå University, 2025. p. 72
Keywords
Sensing, Raman spectroscopy, SERS, Fluorescence spectroscopy, CWA, nerve agents, bacterial spores, Cryptosporidium
National Category
Atom and Molecular Physics and Optics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-244830 (URN)978-91-8070-780-0 (ISBN)978-91-8070-779-4 (ISBN)
Public defence
2025-10-24, Aula Anatomica, Biologihuset, 907 36, Umeå, Umeå, 13:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

This work was done in collaboration with, and with support from, the Swedish Defece Research Agency (FOI).

Available from: 2025-10-03 Created: 2025-09-30 Last updated: 2025-10-22Bibliographically approved

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Segervald, JonasÖberg, RasmusKuižová, AlžbetaZäll, ErikMalyshev, DmitryRafei, MounaJia, XueenAndersson, MagnusWågberg, Thomas

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