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Sedentary behaviour and type 2 diabetes: epidemiological insights and an mHealth intervention
Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-0502-5939
2025 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)Alternative title
Stillasittande beteende och typ 2-diabetes : epidemiologiska insikter och en mHälsa-intervention (Swedish)
Abstract [en]

Background: Type 2 diabetes (T2D) increases the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and negatively impacts quality of life. Despite the well-established benefits of physical activity, individuals with T2D are generally less likely to engage in regular exercise compared to their healthy counterparts. At the same time, sedentary behaviour has become increasingly prevalent in modern society and is recognised as a significant risk factor for the development of T2D. Occupational sitting is particularly common, with individuals in many occupations spending most of their working hours seated. Experimental research indicates that prolonged sitting reduces muscle glucose uptake, contributing to insulin resistance, which may lead to or exacerbate T2D. In contrast, interrupting sitting time with regular short bouts of light-intensity physical activity has been shown to improve glucose control. These findings suggest a promising new direction for the prevention and treatment of T2D. However, real-world evidence regarding domain-specific sedentary behaviour in individuals with, or in risk of, T2D remains limited, highlighting the need for targeted research in these populations.

Aim: The overall aim of this thesis was to investigate the role of occupational and leisure-time sedentary behaviour in the development and management of T2D, through population-based observational studies and intervention research.

Methods: This thesis includes two cohort studies (Studies I and II), one qualitative study (Study III), and a protocol article for a randomised controlled trial (Study IV). Study I was a longitudinal cohort study of 16,282 diabetes-free individuals from the Västerbotten Intervention Program (VIP), examining the association between self-reported occupational physical activity and T2D incidence over 10 years. Study II was a cross-sectional study including 1,465 working adults from the Swedish CArdioPulmonary bioImage Study (SCAPIS) cohort in Umeå. Occupational and leisure-time sitting were measured with thigh-worn accelerometers, and associations with Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) were analysed. Various regression models were applied to evaluate the associations in Study I and II.

In Study III, a mobile health (mHealth) intervention combining an activity tracker, SMS reminders, and counselling with a diabetes nurse was developed, aiming to reduce occupational sitting. In total, 15 individuals with T2D and sedentary work were interviewed after participating in the mHealth intervention in primary care for three months. The interviews were analysed using qualitative content analysis. Study IV presents the study design of a randomised controlled trial (RCT), evaluating the mHealth intervention aimed at reducing occupational sitting in adults with T2D.

Results: Study I showed that low occupational physical activity, compared with a moderate level of occupational physical activity, was associated with an increased risk of T2D among overweight and obese individuals (OR 1.46, 95% CI 1.09—1.96). Study II found that leisure-time sitting time was associated with insulin resistance, and occupational sitting showed a similar association. An analysis of the joint association showed significantly higher levels of insulin resistance in participants with high occupational and leisure-time sitting compared with participants with low occupational and leisure-time sitting (ß 0.25, 95% CI 0.16—0.33). Study III demonstrated that the mHealth intervention was both feasible and acceptable in a primary care setting, and it supported participants in becoming more aware of their sedentary behaviour. Furthermore, two key themes emerged: ‘from baby steps to milestones’ and ‘tailoring strategies that fit me and my workplace’. These themes highlight that participants valued the individually tailored approach and felt that the intervention facilitated decreased occupational sitting.  

Conclusions: Together, these studies emphasise the relevance of addressing sedentary behaviour—in both the workplace and during leisure-time—as a complementary strategy in both the prevention and management of T2D. An mHealth intervention targeting occupational sitting is both feasible and acceptable within a primary care setting and the effectiveness of the intervention should be evaluated in future research. 

Abstract [sv]

Bakgrund: Typ 2-diabetes (T2D) ökar risken för hjärt-kärlsjukdom och påverkar livskvaliteten negativt. Trots de väldokumenterade hälsofördelarna med fysisk aktivitet är personer med T2D generellt mindre benägna att delta i regelbunden träning jämfört med friska individer. Samtidigt har stillasittande beteende blivit allt vanligare i det moderna samhället och erkänns som en riskfaktor för utvecklingen av T2D. Stillasittande på arbetet är vanligt, vi spenderar upp till 80 % av vår arbetstid sittande. Experimentell forskning visar att långvarigt sittande minskar musklernas glukosupptag, vilket bidrar till insulinresistens och kan leda till eller förvärra T2D. Däremot har det visats att avbrott i sittandet med korta, regelbundna perioder av fysisk aktivitet med låg intensitet förbättrar glukoskontroll. Dessa fynd pekar på en lovande ny inriktning för förebyggande och behandling av T2D. Dock är evidensen begränsade när det gäller stillasittande beteende kopplat till specifika domäner som arbete och fritid hos personer med, eller med förhöjd risk för T2D, vilket understryker behovet av riktad forskning i dessa populationer.  

Syfte: Det övergripande syftet med denna avhandling var att undersöka rollen av stillasittande beteende under arbete och fritid i utvecklingen och behandling av T2D, genom befolkningsbaserade observationsstudier och interventionsforskning. 

Metod: Avhandlingen omfattar två kohortstudier (Studie I och II), en kvalitativ studie (Studie III) och en protokollartikel för en randomiserad kontrollerad studie (Studie IV).  Studie I var en longitudinell kohortstudie med 16,282 diabetesfria individer från Västerbottens interventionsprogram (VIP), där sambandet mellan självrapporterad fysisk aktivitet i arbetet och insjuknande i T2D under en tioårsperiod undersöktes.  Studie II var en tvärsnittsstudie med 1,465 yrkesverksamma vuxna från Swedish CArdioPulmonary bioImage Study (SCAPIS) kohorten i Umeå. Sittande under arbete och fritid mättes med accelerometrar placerade på låret, och sambanden med insulinresistens (HOMA-IR) analyserades. Olika regressionsmodeller användes för att utvärdera sambanden i Studie I och II. En mobil hälsovårdsintervention (mHälsa) utvecklades för att minska sittande i arbetet, och kombinerade ett aktivitetsarmband, SMS-påminnelser och rådgivning med en diabetessjuksköterska.

I Studie III intervjuades totalt 15 personer med T2D och stillasittande arbete efter att ha deltagit i mHälsa-interventionen inom primärvården under tre månader. Intervjuerna analyserades med kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Studie IV presenterar studiedesignen för en randomiserad kontrollerad studie som beskriver en mHälsa-intervention med syfte att minska sittande i arbetet hos vuxna med T2D. 

Resultat: Studie I visade att låg fysisk aktivitet i arbetet, jämfört med måttlig nivå, var kopplad till ökad risk för T2D bland individer med övervikt och obesitas (OR 1,46, 95 % CI 1,09–1,96). Studie II visade att högre sittandetid under fritiden var kopplat till högre insulinresistens, och sittande i arbetet visade ett liknande samband. En gemensam analys visade signifikant högre insulinresistens hos deltagare med höga nivåer av både arbets- och fritidssittande jämfört med dem med låga nivåer (ß 0.25, 95% CI 0.16—0.33). Studie III visade att mHälsa-interventionen var både genomförbar och accepterad inom primärvården, och att den hjälpte deltagarna att bli mer medvetna om sitt stillasittande beteende. Vidare identifierades två centrala teman: ‘Från små steg till milstolpar’ och ‘Att skräddarsy strategier som passar mig och min arbetsplats’. Dessa teman belyser att deltagarna uppskattade det individanpassade upplägget och upplevde att interventionen underlättade minskat sittande i arbetet. 

Slutsatser: Tillsammans understryker dessa studier betydelsen av att uppmärksamma stillasittande beteende—både på arbetsplatsen och under fritiden—som en kompletterande strategi för såväl förebyggande som behandling av T2D. En mHälsa-intervention som riktar sig mot sittande i arbetet är både möjlig att genomföra i primärvården och upplevdes som meningsfull av deltagarna, och dess effektivitet bör utvärderas i framtida forskning. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Umeå: Umeå University, 2025. , p. 97
Series
Umeå University medical dissertations, ISSN 0346-6612 ; 2388
Keywords [en]
Type 2 diabetes, sedentary behaviour, occupational sitting, leisure-time sitting, insulin resistance, physical activity, mHealth intervention, primary care, accelerometry, occupational physical activity, diabetes prevention, behavioural change, qualitative research, randomised controlled trial, lifestyle intervention .
National Category
General Medicine Public Health, Global Health and Social Medicine
Research subject
health services research; family medicine; Epidemiology
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-246057ISBN: 978-91-8070-826-5 (electronic)ISBN: 978-91-8070-825-8 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:umu-246057DiVA, id: diva2:2010643
Public defence
2025-11-28, Aulan Sunderby sjukhus, Sjukhusvägen 1, 973 88 Luleå, 09:00 (Swedish)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2025-11-07 Created: 2025-10-31 Last updated: 2025-11-05Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Low occupational physical activity is associated with incident type 2 diabetes in overweight and obese individuals: a population-based cohort study
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Low occupational physical activity is associated with incident type 2 diabetes in overweight and obese individuals: a population-based cohort study
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2025 (English)In: BMC Public Health, E-ISSN 1471-2458, Vol. 25, no 1, article id 1389Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Background: Leisure-time physical activity decreases the risk of type 2 diabetes. Whether occupational physical activity affects the risk of type 2 diabetes is still not fully understood. The primary aim of this study was to investigate the association between occupational physical activity and 10-year diabetes incidence in a general adult population in Northern Sweden. The secondary aim was to explore the moderating role of BMI on this association.

Methods: This population-based, longitudinal cohort study included 16,282 diabetes-free individuals aged 28–52 years who participated in a cardiovascular intervention programme in Northern Sweden, and who reported the same occupational physical activity level at baseline and at 10-year follow-up. Incident type 2 diabetes was diagnosed based on oral glucose tolerance testing or a register-based diagnosis. Occupational physical activity was self-reported and categorized as: a) Low: ‘Sedentary or standing’ or ‘Light but partly physically active’, b) Moderate: ‘Light and physically active’, or c) High: Sometimes physically strenuous or ‘Physically strenuous most of the time’. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for incident diabetes were calculated using multivariable logistic regression analysis, adjusting for age, sex, smoking, education level, family history of diabetes, country of birth, intake of fruits and vegetables, leisure-time physical activity, prediabetes and BMI. Potential interactions between BMI category and T2D were tested using interaction terms in the multivariable model.

Results: Six hundred twenty-four individuals developed type 2 diabetes in the 10 years between the first visit and the follow-up. A significant moderation effect of BMI on occupational physical activity was found (p = 0.01). Having a low level of occupational physical activity, compared with a moderate level of occupational physical activity, was associated with an increased risk of incident type 2 diabetes in overweight and obese individuals (OR 1.46, 95% CI 1.09–1.96), but not in those with normal weight (OR 0.80, 95% CI 0.52–1.23). High level of occupational physical activity was not associated with type 2 diabetes (OR 1.12, 95% CI 0.82–1.54).

Conclusions: Low occupational physical activity was associated with incident type 2 diabetes in overweight and obese individuals. Public-health efforts may benefit from encouraging less sitting and standing and more light physical activity during the workday.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
BioMed Central (BMC), 2025
Keywords
Obesity, Occupational physical activity, Occupational sitting, Overweight, Prevention, Public health, Type 2 diabetes
National Category
Epidemiology Public Health, Global Health and Social Medicine Endocrinology and Diabetes
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-238204 (URN)10.1186/s12889-025-22534-5 (DOI)001466696900012 ()40229732 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-105002967402 (Scopus ID)
Available from: 2025-05-06 Created: 2025-05-06 Last updated: 2025-10-31Bibliographically approved
2. Device-measured occupational and leisure-time sitting in relation to insulin resistance: evidence from the Swedish CArdioPulmonary bioImage Study (SCAPIS)
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Device-measured occupational and leisure-time sitting in relation to insulin resistance: evidence from the Swedish CArdioPulmonary bioImage Study (SCAPIS)
Show others...
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
National Category
General Medicine
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-245967 (URN)
Available from: 2025-10-29 Created: 2025-10-29 Last updated: 2025-10-31Bibliographically approved
3. Reducing occupational sitting time in adults with type 2 diabetes: Qualitative experiences of an office-adapted mHealth intervention
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Reducing occupational sitting time in adults with type 2 diabetes: Qualitative experiences of an office-adapted mHealth intervention
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2021 (English)In: Diabetic Medicine, ISSN 0742-3071, E-ISSN 1464-5491, Vol. 38, no 6, article id e14514Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Aim: Understanding barriers and facilitators for limiting occupational sitting and what impact it has on health on those with type 2 diabetes is essential for future trials and intervention development in primary healthcare settings. This study aimed to explore the feasibility and acceptability of an intervention using mobile health (mHealth) technology, together with counselling by a diabetes specialist nurse, to reduce occupational sitting in adults with type 2 diabetes.

Methods: Individual semi-structured interviews were conducted in 15 participants with type 2 diabetes who completed a 3-month intervention including mHealth; activity tracker (Garmin Vivofit3) and SMS reminders, one initial face-to-face patient-centred counselling session and three telephone follow-up calls by a diabetes specialist nurse within the primary healthcare system in Sweden. The interviews were recorded, transcribed verbatim and analysed using qualitative content analysis.

Results: Two themes were identified: (1) 'From baby steps to milestones' reflecting three categories; 'Small changes make it easier to reduce sitting', 'Encouraged by trustworthy coaching', 'Physical and mental rewards matter' and (2) 'Tailoring strategies that fit me and my workplace' reflecting four categories; 'It's up to me', 'Taking advantage of the support', 'Using creativity to find practical solutions for interrupting sitting' and 'Living up to expectations'.

Conclusion: The intervention was perceived as feasible and acceptable in different office workplaces, and led to increased awareness of sedentary behaviour in adults with type 2 diabetes. Stepwise goal setting together with personalization of the mHealth intervention should be emphasized in individual type 2 diabetes programmes aiming to reduce workplace sitting.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
John Wiley & Sons, 2021
Keywords
activity tracker, interventions, mHealth, occupational sitting, SMS reminders, Type 2 diabetes
National Category
Endocrinology and Diabetes
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-180179 (URN)10.1111/dme.14514 (DOI)000609895800001 ()33415777 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85099959754 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Visare Norr
Available from: 2021-02-16 Created: 2021-02-16 Last updated: 2025-10-31Bibliographically approved
4. Health effects of reduced occupational sedentary behaviour in type 2 diabetes using a mobile health intervention: a study protocol for a 12-month randomized controlled trial—the ROSEBUD study
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Health effects of reduced occupational sedentary behaviour in type 2 diabetes using a mobile health intervention: a study protocol for a 12-month randomized controlled trial—the ROSEBUD study
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2022 (English)In: Trials, E-ISSN 1745-6215, Vol. 23, no 1, article id 607Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Background: Short-term trials conducted in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) showed that reducing sedentary behaviour by performing regular short bouts of light-intensity physical activity enhances health. Moreover, support for reducing sedentary behaviour may be provided at a low cost via mobile health technology (mHealth). There are a wide range of mHealth solutions available including SMS text message reminders and activity trackers that monitor the physical activity level and notify the user of prolonged sitting periods. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of a mHealth intervention on sedentary behaviour and physical activity and the associated changes in health in adults with T2DM.

Methods: A dual-arm, 12-month, randomized controlled trial (RCT) will be conducted within a nationwide Swedish collaboration for diabetes research in primary health care. Individuals with T2DM (n = 142) and mainly sedentary work will be recruited across primary health care centres in five regions in Sweden. Participants will be randomized (1:1) into two groups. A mHealth intervention group who will receive an activity tracker wristband (Garmin Vivofit4), regular SMS text message reminders, and counselling with a diabetes specialist nurse, or a comparator group who will receive counselling with a diabetes specialist nurse only. The primary outcomes are device-measured total sitting time and total number of steps (activPAL3). The secondary outcomes are fatigue, health-related quality of life and musculoskeletal problems (self-reported questionnaires), number of sick leave days (diaries), diabetes medications (clinical record review) and cardiometabolic biomarkers including waist circumference, mean blood pressure, HbA1c, HDL-cholesterol and triglycerides.

Discussion: Successful interventions to increase physical activity among those with T2DM have been costly and long-term effectiveness remains uncertain. The use of mHealth technologies such as activity trackers and SMS text reminders may increase awareness of prolonged sedentary behaviour and encourage increase in regular physical activity. mHealth may, therefore, provide a valuable and novel tool to improve health outcomes and clinical management in those with T2DM. This 12-month RCT will evaluate longer-term effects of a mHealth intervention suitable for real-world primary health care settings.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
BioMed Central, 2022
Keywords
Accelerometer, Behaviour change, Interventions, mHealth, Occupational sitting, Physical activity, Randomized controlled trial, Sedentary behaviour, Type 2 diabetes, Workplace
National Category
Public Health, Global Health and Social Medicine Health Care Service and Management, Health Policy and Services and Health Economy Endocrinology and Diabetes
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-198481 (URN)10.1186/s13063-022-06528-x (DOI)000831214700009 ()35897022 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85135188006 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Diabetesfonden
Available from: 2022-08-11 Created: 2022-08-11 Last updated: 2025-10-31Bibliographically approved

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Brännholm Syrjälä, Maria

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