Zimbardo and Boyd's Time Perspectives Theory provides a valid framework to understand anxiety and depressive symptoms. However, it is unclear whether time perspectives predict changes in them over time beyond well-being indicators: meaning in life, life satisfaction, and self-esteem. Addressing this gap, we conducted a repeated measures, one-year study on a general adult Polish population ( N = 566). The results of hierarchical regression analyses indicated that decreases in self-esteem and the Present-Hedonistic TP and increases in the Past-Negative TP were related to an increase in anxiety and depressive symptoms. Additionally, younger and female participants, as well as those who experienced a one-year increase in Present-Fatalistic TP had an increase in anxiety symptoms, while those who experienced decreases in meaning in life, life satisfaction, and Future time perspective displayed an increase in depressive symptoms. We discuss our results in light of TP and well-being literature, as well as their implications for psychological counseling.