The Sámi are the Indigenous people of the northern part of the Scandinavian Peninsula and large parts of the Kola Peninsula; they live in Sweden, Norway, Finland, and Russia. There is no reliable information on the population of the Sámi people; they are, however, estimated to number between 75,000–100,000. Relatively few studies exist that focus on Sámi women’s health, particularly regarding pregnancy, childbirth, and midwifery. In this chapter, we focus on Sámi traditional knowledge in the context of Sámi midwifery practices and explore the transition from culturally anchored traditional midwives to the integration of professional midwifery within the general healthcare system. This integration most often occurs in maternity and delivery wards in the specialist health service, or as municipal midwives in the primary health service. In this chapter, we also present knowledge about Sámi midwives and about their traditional practices within a historical context and explore how Sámi midwifery and birth knowledge have developed from the past to the present. We ask: What specific traditions can be recognized in relation to the role of Sámi traditional midwives in a historical context? How did the transition from traditional birth practices to modern maternity care affect Sámi midwifery practices and Sámi women?.