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Rethinking the deepsmote penalty term and its role in imbalanced learning
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Computing Science.
Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Diagnostics and Intervention.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-8971-9788
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Computing Science.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-7119-7646
2025 (English)In: 2025 IEEE 37th International Conference on Tools with Artificial Intelligence (ICTAI): Proceedings, IEEE, 2025, p. 1110-1116Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

DeepSMOTE is an oversampling method that combines autoencoders and the Synthetic Minority Over-sampling Technique (SMOTE) in the autoencoder's latent space to address class imbalances. A key component is a penalty term intended to increase sample diversity, but its formulation and impact are not well understood. We examined two versions: the one described in the original SMOTE paper and the one in the official SMOTE code. We formally analyze both and show that the paper version, contrary to its goal, makes reconstructions within each class more similar, thus reducing diversity. The implemented version instead increases the frequency of class sampling, implicitly rebalancing class contributions to the loss. Building on this analysis, we propose a simple refinement that better matches the intended purpose. Experiments on MNIST, FMNIST, CIFAR-10, and SVHN validate our findings. Code is available at: https://github.com/SG-Azar/DeepSMOTE-penalty.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
IEEE, 2025. p. 1110-1116
Series
Proceedings - International Conference on Tools with Artificial Intelligence, TAI, ISSN 1082-3409, E-ISSN 2375-0197
Keywords [en]
imbalanced learning, SMOTE, DeepSMOTE, latent space oversampling
National Category
Artificial Intelligence Computer graphics and computer vision
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-250791DOI: 10.1109/ICTAI66417.2025.00162Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-105031898299ISBN: 979-8-3315-4920-6 (print)ISBN: 979-8-3315-4919-0 (electronic)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:umu-250791DiVA, id: diva2:2044335
Conference
2025 IEEE 37th International Conference on Tools with Artificial Intelligence (ICTAI), Athens, Greece, November 3-5, 2025
Funder
Swedish Childhood Cancer Foundation, MT2021-0012Cancerforskningsfonden i Norrland, AMP 25-1227Lions Cancerforskningsfond i Norr, LP 24-2367Available from: 2026-03-09 Created: 2026-03-09 Last updated: 2026-04-02Bibliographically approved

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Ghanbari Azar, SaeidehNyholm, TufveLöfstedt, Tommy

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Ghanbari Azar, SaeidehNyholm, TufveLöfstedt, Tommy
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Department of Computing ScienceDepartment of Diagnostics and Intervention
Artificial IntelligenceComputer graphics and computer vision

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