The mental ill health among children and adolescents has increased in Sweden during the last two decades. The National Board of Health and Welfare recommends psychological treatment as a primary intervention for most of the psychiatric conditions seen in children and adolescents, at the same time as medical prescriptions continue to increase. Changes in organizational structure and perspectives within mental health care applies risk of losing important knowledge, experience and narrowing the range of treatment methods. Modern neuroscience has an opportunity to provide valuable aspects in decisions regarding the content and variety of treatment methods provided in child and adolescent psychiatry. The aim of this study was to illustrate and investigate how modern neuroscience and specifically the theory of interpersonal neurobiology can be applied in the clinical practice of psychotherapy with children, adolescents, and families. A literature review was carried out where three central themes emerged as important aspects of integrating this perspective in the clinical practice: Interventions for positive brain development, Focus on relationships and Psychoeducation. The selection of literature is relatively narrow and a limitation of the study, but the results could nonetheless be useful for both clinicians and other individuals and groups in the larger community.