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Testing for drugs-of-abuse in urine is requested for multiple reasons, including legal and workplace policies. Two cases were studied in which there was a suspicion that the patients continued to abuse diazepam, because of repeatedly positive urine samples. In these cases, diazepam metabolites were measured in urine samples by gas or liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. The concentrations of diazepam metabolites were subsequently creatinine correlated. Very long elimination times were found in the described cases. None of them had in fact ingested diazepam again during the study period. By the use of pharmacogenetic typing, one of the subjects was found to have a slow metabolism for CYP2C9 as well as for CYP2C19. In the second case, there was a possible drug interaction between diazepam and zolpidem.

Purpose To investigate the association between maternal use of antihypertensives in early pregnancy and delivery outcome, notably infant congenital malformations.

Methods A cohort study of 1,418 women who had used antihypertensive drugs in early pregnancy but had no diabetes diagnosis were identified from the Swedish Medical Birth Register.

Results There was an excess risk for placental abruption, caesarean section, delivery induction, and post-delivery hemorrhage in women taking hypertensives. Infants were more often than expected born preterm, were small for gestational age, and had an excess of various neonatal symptoms. Cardiovascular defects occurred with an adjusted odds ratio of 2.59 (95% CI 1.92-3.51). The results were similar when the woman had used ACE inhibitors or other antihypertensives, notably beta blockers. Stillbirth rate was increased (risk ratio 1.87, 95% CI 1.02-3.02), again without any clear drug specificity.

Conclusions There seems to be little drug specificity in the association between maternal use of antihypertensives and an increased risk for infant cardiovascular defects.