While Swedish schools and teacher education under global influence adapt course content and teaching to what is measurable in internationalknowledge tests, other processes are proceeding, partly in the opposite direction. This project intends to address two of these oppositeprocesses: the academicization and the digitization of school and teacher education, and in particular their impact on the school subjects Art andSloyd.
The academisation of teacher education has created a broader research connection and a stronger scientific basis for school, supported by theSwedish School Act (Erixon Arreman 2008; SFS 2010: 800). This has led to a strengthening of text-based knowledge in both Art and Sloyd,subjects previously primarily based on action and experience-based knowledge (Borg 2007; Lindgren 2008; Carlgren 2015), in which the abilityto process, investigate and form material develops over time. Also, and unlike most other school subjects, Art and Sloyd are not connected to anacademic discipline. Therefore, the scientific basis for them is not clearly defined, and therefore more vulnerable to external pressure.
When more and more of the content of school subjects in the academisation process is mediated by written text, or when screen and keyboardreplace paper and pen, school subjects like Art and Sloyd change more than school subjects already strongly mediated by text. From aneducational ecological perspective (Bateson 1972; Goodlad 1997), the situation can be described as disrupting the ecological balance in thesubjects.
Theoretically, the project is based on an ecological perspective on education (Bateson 1972; Goodlad 1997). We consider the Aesthetic subjectsArt and Sloyd as living ecologies in interaction with surrounding parts of an extensive education system. The ecology, or ecosystem, consists ofinstitutions with special functions, rules, activities, goals, and people with different roles. An ecological way of understanding change considersthe procedural process and the fact that parts of the system always interact and affect the system as a whole in ways that may not initially beobvious. Overall, the concept of boundary crossing (Akkerman & Bakker 2011) is used to analyze how transfers of epistemologies andknowledge, under the influence of academia and digitalisation, occur across boundaries in educational ecology and the consequences it has (cf.Svenkerud et al, 2018). Furthermore, the project is based on media ecology as a way of understanding the impact of digital technologies ineducational contexts (Erixon 2015). New technology not only add something, but change the entire environments (Postman 1970); reshapesthinking and perception as well as what roles and actions are possible. At the same time, new and old technologies interact like different speciesin the ecosystem and compete for space. Changes in the ecosystem, evolution, occur not as one might think gradually, but in more unexpected,punctuated equilibrium, which violently displace the balance, in analogy with Kuhn's paradigm shift (Eldredge & Gould 1972; Erixon 2015).
In summary, the purpose of the project is to study how academicization and digitization of education create new conditions for the schoolsubjects Art and Sloyd, in compulsory school and teacher education. The aim is broken down in the following research questions:
1. What characterizes the processes of change in academia and digitization in the subjects Art and Sloyd?
2. What consequences will the academicization and digitalisation have for the subject content in Art and Sloyd?
3. What possible teacher positions are created by the academicization and digitization of Art and Sloyd?
4. What space is there for aesthetic and practical forms of knowledge in today's educational ecology?
Methodology or Methods/ Research Instruments or Sources Used: Neither quantitative nor qualitative data per se is sufficient to capture the complexity of the problem area. Therefore, several methods will beused, in a mixed methods sequential explanatory design (Ivankova, Creswell & Stick 2006). The study is based on three sub-studies: In the firstsub study (1), a document study, the background of the academicization and digitization of the Swedish education system (from compulsoryschool to teacher education) is mapped and analyzed, with a focus on significance for the subject’s Art and Sloyd. The method is criticaldiscourse analysis (CDA) (Fairclough 2010) and the material consists of policy documents and debate articles from teachers' union journals anddaily press. The second sub study (2) a survey study, aims to map the Art and Sloyd teachers' perceptions of what characterizes the changeprocesses academicization and digitization of the respective school subject, as well as the consequences the change processes have for thesubject content in Art and Sloyd. Quantitative data is then collected and analyzed to identify relationships and provide a general understanding ofthe research problem. The results are then used to design a qualitative case study, which can explain, develop and deepen the quantitativeresults. A case study involves an exploration of a system or one (or more) case over time, through a detailed, deep data collection using multiplesources of information, rich in context (Merriam 1998). The third sub-study (3) is an in-depth multidisciplinary study based on interviews (rhetoric)and observations (practice). Semi-structured interviews are conducted with 15 teachers from each school subject. The intention is to gather in-depth descriptions of the impact of academia and digitalisation on teaching and content in each subject.
Conclusions, Expected Outcomes or Findings: Our research issues are for instance derived from our own experiences as University teachers and lessons learned from two previously fundedprojects by the Swedish Research Council. The first concerned digitalization, School subject paradigm and teaching practice in screen culture(2010-2013), studying how school the subjects Art, Music and Swedish L1 change when digital media have a great influence (Erixon 2015). Thesecond project concerned academicization, the Struggle for the Text (2012–2016), and was about the requirement for academisation andacademic writing in relation to other and more practical parts of teacher education (Erixon & Josephson 2017). Also, in previous studies, participants in the research group have been concerned with digitalisation, showing that teachers in Art and Sloydrespectively to varying extent make use of digital tools in their teaching, and that resistance to digital tools is a common attitude among many ofthe teachers (Jeansson 2017; Wikberg 2017) as well as the students (Westerlund 2015). Ongoing pilot studies show that Sloyd teachereducators perceive digital tools and materials as a completely new area to acquire. Also, when it comes to academisation and a school on scientific basis, the spoken and written language tend to take oven and teachers who wish to develop other mediations are discouraged bystructures (Westerlund 2019). It is clear that development is taking place in different places and appears to be divisive, which shows therelevance of taking a comprehensive approach to the change processes that affect the school subjects' Art and Sloyd in different, and sometimescontradictory, ways.The project provides general knowledge about how teacher education’s transformations and changes in policy documents change the conditionsfor knowledge development in different subjects in different ways.
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